Gene-edited natural killer cells

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to, inter alia, an engineered cell (e.g., iPSC, IPS-derived NK, or NK cell) comprising a disrupted B2M gene and an inserted polynucleotide encoding one or more of SERPINB9, a fusion of IL15 and IL15Rα, and/or HLA-E. The engineered cell can further comprise a disrupted CIITA gene and an inserted polynucleotide encoding a CAR, wherein the CAR can be an anti-BCMA CAR or an anti-CD30 CAR. The engineered cell may further comprise a disrupted ADAM17 gene, a disrupted FAS gene, a disrupted CISH gene, and/or a disrupted REGNASE-1 gene. Methods for producing the engineered cells are also provided, and therapeutic uses of the engineered cells are also described. Guide RNA sequences targeting described target sequences are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/119,512, filed Nov. 30, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No.63/214,134, filed Jun. 23, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No.63/250,048, filed Sep. 29, 2021, the disclosure of each is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing that has been submitted inASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. The ASCII copy, created on Nov. 24, 2021, is named100867-707586_CT150-US2_Sequence_Listing.txt, and is about 251,000 bytesin size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of gene-edited iPSC and NaturalKiller (NK) cells.

BACKGROUND

There is a need for adoptive cell therapy that does not rely on the useof cells obtained from patients or donors and does not induce allogeneicrejection. Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent anti-tumor effectors,making them attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy. However, theuse of NK cells, in particular NK cells expressing a chimeric antigenreceptor (CAR), for adoptive cell therapy remains to be challenging. Forexample, there is a need to improve the efficacy, persistence, cytotoxicactivity, immune evasion and tumor targeting of therapeutic NK cells.There is also a need for a uniform pool of therapeutic NK cells that canbe manufactured in a consistent manner for use in any patients in needthereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides engineered cells thathave been edited using, for example, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editingtechnology, to prevent allo-immune responses, be immune evasive, haveincreased survival and persistence, increased activation, and/orspecific cell targeting.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides engineered cellscomprising (a) a disrupted beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene, and (b) aninsertion of a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotide in thedisrupted B2M gene, the first polynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9 proteinand the second polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein of interleukin15 (IL15) and interleukin 15 receptor subunit alpha (IL15Rα), whereinthe cells express the SERPINB9 protein and the fusion protein of IL15and IL15Rα, and the cells have disrupted expression of B2M. In someembodiments, the engineered cells comprise a disrupted Class II majorhistocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) gene, wherein thecells have disrupted expression of CIITA. In still other embodiments,the engineered cells further comprise an insertion of a thirdpolynucleotide encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein thecells express the CAR. In additional embodiments, the engineered cellsfurther comprise an insertion of a fourth polynucleotide encoding ahuman leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) trimer, and the cells further expressthe HLA-E trimer. In other embodiments, the engineered cells furthercomprise a disrupted cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH)gene, wherein the cells have disrupted expression of CISH. In stillother embodiments, the engineered cells further comprise a disrupted Fascell surface death receptor (FAS) gene, wherein the cells have disruptedexpression of FAS.

In further aspects, the present disclosure provides an in vitro methodfor generating an engineered cell, the method comprising delivering to acell: (a) a first RNA-guided nuclease and a first guide RNA (gRNA)targeting a target site in a B2M gene locus; (b) a first vectorcomprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) nucleotidesequence encoding a SERPINB9 protein and a nucleotide sequence encodinga fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα; (ii) a nucleotide sequence havingsequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target sitein the B2M gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theB2M gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii); wherein theB2M gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotidesequences encoding the SERPINB9 protein and the fusion protein of IL15and IL15Rα are inserted into the B2M gene locus, thereby disrupting theB2M gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprising deliveringto the cell: (c) a second RNA-guided nuclease and a second gRNAtargeting a target site in a CIITA gene locus; and (d) a second vectorcomprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotidesequence encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR); (ii) a nucleotidesequence having sequence homology with a genomic region located left ofthe target site in the CIITA gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequencehaving sequence homology with a genomic region located right of thetarget site in the CIITA gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and(iii); and wherein the CIITA gene locus is cleaved at the target siteand the nucleotide sequence encoding the CAR is inserted into the CIITAgene locus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene. In some embodiments, thenucleotide sequence of (d)(i) further comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding an HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises delivering to the cell a third RNA-guided nuclease and a thirdgRNA targeting a target site in a CISH gene locus; wherein the CISH genelocus is cleaved at the target site and at least one insertion-deletionmutation is introduced into the CISH gene, thereby disrupting the CISHgene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises delivering tothe cell a fourth RNA-guided nuclease and a fourth gRNA targeting atarget site in a FAS gene locus, wherein the FAS gene locus is cleavedat the target site and at least one insertion-deletion mutation isintroduced into the FAS gene, thereby disrupting the FAS gene.

In further aspects, the present disclosure provides a plurality of anyof the engineered cells described herein. The present disclosure alsoprovides compositions comprising any of the engineered cells disclosedherein or cells derived from or obtained from any of the engineeredcells disclosed herein, wherein any of the composition is used as amedicament. In some embodiments, any of the compositions disclosedherein is for use in treating cancer.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method for treatingof a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) obtaining orhaving obtained the plurality of engineered cells described hereinfollowing differentiation into lineage-restricted progenitor cells orfully differentiated somatic cells; and (b) administering thelineage-restricted progenitor cells or fully differentiated somaticcells to the subject.

Other aspects and iterations of the present disclosure are detailedbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a graph showing the cutting efficiency of 10 ADAM17guides. Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) were electroporated withADAM17 gRNA and sequenced to measured indel frequency.

FIG. 2 provides a graph showing the cutting efficiency of 5 CIITAguides. Human embryonic stem cells were electroporated with CIITA gRNAand sequenced to measured indel frequency.

FIG. 3 provides the plasmid map of BCMA CAR knock-in, and CIITAknock-out.

FIG. 4 provides the plasmid map of B2M-CAGGS-IL15-IR15 fusion-P2A-HLA-E.The IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer was inserted near exon 1 of the B2M genelocus to generate a B2M knock-out (KO)/IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E knock-in(KI) plasmid.

FIGS. 5A and 5B provide graphs of the flow cytometry analysis of HLA-Ein IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null Human Pluripotent StemCells (hPSCs). Wild-type inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) (FIG.5A) and HLA-E edited iPSC (FIG. 5B) were analyzed using anti-HLA-E APC.

FIG. 6 demonstrates gating strategy for single-cell sorting ofIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null hPSCs using ananti-HLA-E-PE antibody. FACS was used to sort single cells into 96-wellplates.

FIGS. 7A and 7B provide graphs of the flow cytometry analysis of IL-15in single-cell “Clone 3” (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M NullhPSCs). Wild-type inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) (FIG. 7A) andClone 3 IL-15 edited iPSC (FIG. 7B) were analyzed using anti-IL-15 PE.

FIG. 8 provides a line graph demonstrating cell growth in wild-type (WT)and Clone 3 (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null hPSC)derived iNK cells when administered exogenous IL15 or not administeredexogenous IL 15. Cells were administered 20 ng/mL of IL-15 in additionto SCF (20 ng/mL), Flt3L (15 ng/mL), IL-7 (20 ng/mL) on day 0 and day 4.

FIG. 9 provides a graph demonstrating K562 cell killing by WT and Clone3 (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null hPSC) derived iNKcells. Effector and K562 cells were plated at different effector:target(E:T) ratios for 24-hours. A no effector, K562 only cell, negativecontrol was used.

FIG. 10 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating B2M indels.Clones with a band at 573 bp demonstrate a WT, unedited or heterozygousgenotype. Clones with no band demonstrate a clone with successfulknock-in.

FIG. 11 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating B2M zygosityresults. A 2.5 kb band indicates a WT unedited clone. Clones with a 6.6kb band indicate successful integration of the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer.

FIG. 12 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating B2M knock-ingenotyping results. No band indicates a WT unedited clone. A 1.1 kb bandindicates successful integration of the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer.

FIG. 13 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating CIITAgenotyping results. A 557 bp indicates a WT unedited clone. Editedconstructs do not have a band.

FIG. 14 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating CIITA zygosityresults. results. A 2.5 kb band indicates a WT unedited clone. A 5.6 kbband indicates successful integration of the BCMA-CAR into the CIITAgene locus.

FIG. 15 provides an image of an agarose gel demonstrating CIITAgenotyping results. The presence of a 1.5 kb band indicates successfulintegration of the KI construct into the CIITA gene locus, while theabsence of a band indicates a WT genotype.

FIG. 16 provides histograms demonstrating pluripotency in hiPSC aftergenome editing. WT, Clone 1, and Clone 2 were stained for Oct4 and Sox2and analyzed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 17 provides a graph demonstrating CD34/CD43 expression in Clone 1(Line 1A c1), Clone 2 (Line 1A c2), Clone 3 (B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15⁺), a Line1 clone, a CIITA⁻/BCMA CAR⁺ bulk population, and a ADAM17 KO clone(“Adam17⁻, c37”) cells compared to WT at Day 6 and Day 10 ofdifferentiation from iPSC to iNK cells. Cells were analyzed by flowcytometry for CD34 and CD43 expression.

FIG. 18 provides a graph demonstrating CD45/CD56 expression in Clone 1(Line 1A c1), Clone 2 (Line 1A c2), Clone 3 (B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15⁺), a Line1 clone 2, a CIITA⁻/BCMA CAR⁺ bulk population, and a ADAM17 KO clone(“Adam17⁻, c37”) cells compared to WT at Day 10 and Day 14, Day 20, andDay 28 of differentiation from iPSC to iNK cells. Cells were analyzed byflow cytometry for CD45 and CD56 expression.

FIG. 19A provides a graph demonstrating expression of differentiationmarkers in Clone 1 (Line 1A c1), Clone 2 (Line 1A c2), Clone 3(B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15⁺), a Line 1 clone 2, a CIITA⁻/BCMA CAR⁺ bulkpopulation, and a ADAM17 KO clone (“Adam17⁻, c37”) cells compared to WTat Day 20 of differentiation from iPSC to iNK cells. Cells were analyzedby flow cytometry for CD56⁺/CD16⁺, CD56⁺/NKp44⁺, CD56⁺/NKp46⁺,CD56⁺/CD94⁺, and CD56⁺/NKG2A⁺ expression.

FIGS. 19B and 19C provide graphs demonstrating expression ofdifferentiation markers in Clone 1 (Line 1A c1), Clone 2 (Line 1A c2),Clone 3 (B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15⁺), a Line 1 clone 2, a CIITA⁻/BCMA CAR⁺ bulkpopulation, and a ADAM17 KO clone (“Adam17⁻, c37”) cells compared to WTat Day 28 (FIG. 19B) and Day 35 (FIG. 19C) of differentiation from iPSCto iNK cells. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD56⁺/CD16⁺,CD56⁺/NKp44⁺, CD56⁺/NKp46⁺, CD56⁺/CD94⁺, CD56⁺/NKG2A⁺, KIR2DL4, andKIR3DL2 expression.

FIG. 19D provides a graph demonstrating expression of differentiationmarkers in Clone 1 compared to WT at Day 42 of differentiation from iPSCto iNK cells. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD56⁺/CD16⁺,CD56⁺/NKp44⁺, CD56⁺/NKp46⁺, CD56⁺/CD94⁺, CD56⁺/NKG2A⁺, and CD56⁺/CD57⁺expression.

FIG. 20 provides a graph representing T-cell activation bydifferentiated iNK cells. Line 1A clone 1, Clone 3, and WT cells T cellactivation was measured by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)assay.

FIGS. 21A and 21B provide graphs measuring K562 (FIG. 21A) and RPMI(FIG. 21B) cell killing by the indicated iNK cell line. WT, Line 1 clone2, Line 1A Clone 1, Line 1A Clone 2, and CIITA⁻/BCMA CAR*(“CIITA/BCMA*”)bulk cells were cultured at different E:T ratios with K562 or RPMI cellsfor 24 hours.

FIG. 22 provides graphs measuring TNFα, IFNg, IL-7, and Granzyme Blevels in WT and Line 1A clone 1 cells co-cultured at different E:Tratios with RPMI cells.

FIG. 23 provides flow cytometry graphs measuring Granzyme B and Perforinexpressing cells at Day 14 (WT) and Day 36 (WT and Line 1A clones 1 and2) of differentiation.

FIG. 24 provides graphs demonstrating cell count in wild-type (WT), Line1A clone 1 (“Line 1A, c1”), Line 1A clone 2 (“Line 1A, c2”), and Clone 3(“B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15/IL15Rα⁺”; IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2MNull hPSC) derived iNK cells when administered exogenous IL15 or notadministered exogenous IL 15. Cells were administered SCF, Flt3L, IL7,and IL15 (“4”), SCF, Flt3L, and IL7 (“3/−IL15−”), no cytokines (“0”); oronly IL15 (“IL15”) on day 0 and day 9.

FIGS. 25A and 25B show CD31/CD34/CD45 expression profiles in aggregatesafter 10 days (FIG. 25A) or 14 days (FIG. 25B) of differentiation. Cellwere differentiated from WT cells, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMACAR KI, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null cells (“012.1”) cells,IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null, B2M Null,ADAM17 Null, FAS Null, CISH Null, REGNASE-1 Null cells (“020.1”) cells,and IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E KI, B2M null (“003.3”) cells.

FIG. 26 present CD45/CD56 expression profiles in aggregates after 10days, 14 days, or 20 days of differentiation. Cell were differentiatedfrom WT cells, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null,B2M Null, ADAM17 Null cells (“012.1”) cells, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimerKI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null, FAS Null, CISH Null,REGNASE-1 Null cells (“020.1”) cells, and IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E KI, B2Mnull (“003.3”) cells.

FIG. 27A shows the percent of killing of K562-GFP cells over 4 hours onDay 31 and FIG. 27B presents live NK cell ratios in NoTarget vs. 1:1Killing in cells differentiated from WT cells, IL15/IR15afusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M and BCMA CAR into CIITA (“8.2”) cells,IL15/IR15a fusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M, BCMA CAR into CIITA, and ADAM17KO (“12.1”) cells, and IL15/IR15a fusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M, BCMA CARinto CIITA, ADAM17 KO, FAS KO, CISH KO, and REGNASE-KO (“20.1”) cells.

FIG. 28A shows the percent of killing of MM1S-GFP cells over 4 hours onDay 31 and FIG. 28B presents live NK cell ratios in NoTarget vs. 1:1Killing in cells differentiated from WT cells, IL15/IR15afusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M and BCMA CAR into CIITA (“8.2”) cells,IL15/IR15a fusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M, BCMA CAR into CIITA, and ADAM17KO (“12.1”) cells, and IL15/IR15a fusion-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M, BCMA CARinto CIITA, ADAM17 KO, FAS KO, CISH KO, and REGNASE-1 KO (“20.1”) cells.

FIG. 29A shows killing of L428 cells after 4 hours and FIG. 29B showskilling of L428 cells after 24 hours by the indicated NK92 cells.

FIG. 30A shows killing of KM-H2 cells after 4 hours and FIG. 30B showskilling of KM-H2 cells after 24 hours by the indicated NK92 cells.

FIG. 31 presents the plasmid map of CD30 CAR 4-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-inand CIITA knock-out.

FIG. 32 presents the plasmid map of CD30 CAR 5-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-inand CIITA knock-out.

FIG. 33 presents the plasmid map of CD30 CAR 6-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-inand CIITA knock-out.

FIG. 34 presents a map of the B2M-CAGGS-SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E donorplasmid.

FIG. 35 shows FACS plots generated during the single cell sorting of theB2M-SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E bulk population previously enriched by MACS.

FIG. 36 presents PCR analysis of SERPINB9/HLA-E KI at the B2M genelocus. The gel shows PCR amplification of B2M region of the genome withthe 3′ primer stationed outside the knock-in (KI) site (not present inthe plasmid donor) and the 5′ primer stationed inside the KI-onlyregion. Presence of a 1.1 kilo base (kb) band indicates successfulintegration of the KI construct into the B2M gene locus, the absence ofa band indicates a WT genotype.

FIG. 37 shows PCR 1 analysis of random plasmid insertions duringknock-in of SERPINB9/HLA-E in the B2M gene locus. PCR was performed with5′ and 3′ primers that bind outside of the homology arms within the KIplasmid. Presence of a 340 base pair (bp) band indicates that there israndom integration of the plasmid backbone within the genome, cloneswithout bands do not have random plasmid insertion.

FIG. 38 shows PCR 2 analysis of random plasmid insertions duringknock-in of SERPINB9/HLA-E in the B2M gene locus. PCR was performed with5′ and 3′ primers that bind outside of the homology arms within the KIplasmid. Presence of a 476 bp band indicates that there is randomintegration of the plasmid backbone within the genome, clones withoutbands do not have random plasmid insertion.

FIG. 39 shows zygosity at the B2M gene locus following knock-in ofSERPINB9/HLA-E. Gel shows PCR products after amplification using primersspanning the gRNA cut site. Presence of a 573 bp band indicates awild-type (WT) genotype which will be found in clones that are uneditedor are heterozygous for the KI construct, a clone with a homozygous KIwould not produce a band in this PCR because the KI size would be toolarge for the elongation time of this reaction.

FIG. 40 presents a time course of NK cell differentiation.

FIG. 41 shows the development of CD45⁺/CD56⁺ iNK over thedifferentiation time course, derived from WT or SERPINB9 KI/HLA-E KI/B2MKO clonal iPSCs.

FIG. 42A presents a plot of the percentage of target (iNK) cells killedby peripheral blood NK (PB-NK) cells from PBNK donor 4. Various iNKcells were incubated with PB-NK cells at various E:T ratios for 24hours.

FIG. 42B shows a plot of the percentage of target iNK cells killed byPB-NK cells from PBNK donor 6. Various iNK cells were incubated withPB-NK cells at various E:T ratios for 24 hours.

FIG. 42C shows a plot of the percentage of target iNK cells killed byPB-NK cells from PBNK-CLL donor 1. Various iNK cells were incubated withPB-NK cells at various E:T ratios for 24 hours.

FIG. 42D shows a plot of the percentage of target iNK cells killed byPB-NK cells from PBNK donor 4. Various iNK cells were incubated withPB-NK cells at various E:T ratios for 24 hours.

FIG. 42E shows a plot of the percentage of target iNK cells killed byPB-NK cells from PBNK donor 6. Various iNK cells were incubated withPB-NK cells at various E:T ratios for 24 hours.

FIG. 43 presents a map the B2M-CAGGS-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα fusiondonor plasmid.

FIG. 44 shows percentage of cells in a bulk population that had HLA-ABC⁺expression or IL15 surface expression. Cells were analyzed by flowcytometry.

FIGS. 45A and 45B provide graphs demonstrating expression ofdifferentiation markers in iPSC WT derived iNK cells and base editediPSC derived iNK cells (B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI). Cells wereanalyzed by flow cytometry for CD56⁺/NKp44⁺, CD56⁺/NKp46⁺, CD56⁺/CD16⁺,CD56⁺ NKG2D⁺, CD56⁺/CD57⁺, and CD56⁺/CD33⁺ (FIG. 45A) and CD56⁺/NKG2A⁺,CD56⁺/FAS⁺, CD56⁺/FAS-L⁺, CD56⁺/KIR⁺, and PD1⁺/TIGIT⁻ (FIG. 45B).

FIG. 46 presents the percentage of cells expressing of CD45 and/or CD56at days 14, 20, 28, and 36 during differentiation of iNK cells fromiPSCs with base edits (B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI), prototype(B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI, CISH KO. FAS KO), andprototype+CD30 CAR (4, 5, or 6) KI and HLA-E KI.

FIG. 47A-D present percent of killing by day 29 iNK cells differentiatedfrom cells with base edits (B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI),prototype (B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI, CISH KO. FAS KO), andprototype+CD30 CAR (4, 5, or 6) KI and HLA-E KI of K562 cancer cells(FIG. 47A), KMH2 cancer cells (FIG. 47B), L428 cancer cells (FIG. 47C),or L540 cancer cells (FIG. 47D).

FIG. 48 present a schematic for an in vivo protocol to test thecytotoxicity of iNK cells comprising B2M KO, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15RαKI, CISH KO. FAS KO, CD30 CAR KI, HLA-E KI, and CIITA KO.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides compositions of engineered stem cells(e.g., iPSCs), and lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells derived therefrom (e.g., hematopoieticcells such as NK cells, in particular, human NK cells).

In certain embodiments, the engineered cells described herein evadeimmune response and/or survive following engraftment into a subject athigher success rates than an unmodified cell. In some embodiments, theengineered cells are hypoimmunogenic. In some embodiments, theengineered cells have improved persistency, (ii) improved immuneevasiveness, (iii) improved cytotoxic activity, (iv) improved ADCCactivity, and/or (v) improved anti-tumor activity as compared to aunmodified or wild-type cell, e.g., a wild-type iPSC or a wild-type NKcell.

In some embodiments, the engineered cells lack a functional majorhistocompatibility complex (MHC). In some embodiments, the engineeredcells described herein are gene-edited to disrupt one or more of thegenes of an MHC-I or MHC-II complex.

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted B2M gene andhave a reduced expression of B2M (e.g., express less than 30%, less than25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the level of anunmodified cell) or eliminated expression of B2M (e.g., do not express adetectable level of level of B2M).

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted CIITA geneand have a reduced expression of CIITA (e.g., express less than 30%,less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the levelof an unmodified cell) or eliminated expression of CIITA (e.g., do notexpress a detectable level of CIITA).

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted ADAM17 geneand have a reduced expression of ADAM17 (e.g., express less than 30%,less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the levelof an unmodified cell) or eliminated expression of ADAM17 (e.g., do notexpress a detectable level of ADAM17).

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted FAS gene andhave a reduced expression of FAS (e.g., express less than 30%, less than25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the level of anunmodified cell) or eliminated expression of FAS (e.g., do not express adetectable level of FAS).

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted CISH gene andhave a reduced expression of CISH (e.g., express less than 30%, lessthan 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the level of anunmodified cell) or eliminated expression of CISH (e.g., do not expressa detectable level of CISH).

In some embodiments, the engineered cells have a disrupted REGNASE-1gene and have a reduced expression of REGNASE-1 (e.g., express less than30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of thelevel of an unmodified cell) or eliminated expression of REGNASE-1(e.g., do not express a detectable level of REGNASE-1).

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells has a disruptedB2M gene and one or more inserted polynucleotide(s) encoding one or allof: SERPINB9, IL15, IL15Rα, and HLA-E. In certain embodiments, the oneor more inserted polynucleotide encodes a fusion protein of IL15 andIL15Rα (“IL15/IL15Rα”) and an HLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signalpeptide fused to an HLA-G presentation peptide fused to the B2M membraneprotein fused to the HLA-E protein without a signal peptide. In certainembodiments, the one or more inserted polynucleotide encodes SERPINB9and a fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα. The inserted polynucleotide(s)can be inserted in the disrupted B2M gene locus (e.g., in exon 1 of theB2M gene locus).

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells has a disruptedCIITA gene and one or more inserted polynucleotide(s) encoding one ormore CARs (e.g., a BCMA CAR or a CD30 CAR). The insertedpolynucleotide(s) can be inserted in the disrupted CIITA gene locus(e.g., in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus).

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells has a disruptedCIITA gene and one or more inserted polynucleotide(s) encoding CARand/or HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments, the one or more insertedpolynucleotide(s) encodes a CAR (e.g., a CD30 CAR) and HLA-E trimer. Theinserted polynucleotide(s) can be inserted in the disrupted CIITA genelocus (e.g., in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus).

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells has one or moredisrupted genes encoding a component of a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, adisrupted ADAM17, and one or more inserted polynucleotide(s) encodingone or more CARs (e.g., a BCMA CAR or a CD30 CAR).

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells has one, two,three, four or all of the following gene edits: (i) a disrupted B2Mgene; (ii) one or more inserted polynucleotide(s) encoding one or allof: SERPINB9, IL15/IL15Rα, and HLA-E (e.g., a polynucleotide encoding afusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα and an HLA-E trimer comprising a B2Msignal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentation peptide fused to the B2Mmembrane protein fused to the HLA-E protein without a signal peptide, ora polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 and fusion protein of IL15 andIL15Rα); (iii) a disrupted CIITA gene; (iv) one or more insertedpolynucleotide(s) encoding one or more CARs (e.g., a BCMA CAR or a CD30CAR); and (v) a disrupted ADAM17 gene. In some embodiments, theengineered cell further comprises a disrupted FAS, CISH, and/orREGNASE-1 gene.

In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered cells comprises (a) adisrupted B2M gene; (b) an insertion of a first polynucleotide and asecond polynucleotide in the disrupted B2M gene, the firstpolynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9 protein and the second polynucleotideencoding a fusion of IL15 and IL15Rα; (c) a disrupted CIITA gene; (d) aninsertion of a third polynucleotide and a fourth polynucleotide in thedisrupted CIITA gene, the third polynucleotide encoding a CAR and thefourth polynucleotide encoding an HLA-E trimer; (e) a disrupted CISHgene; and (f) a disrupted FAS gene.

In some embodiments, the engineered cells described herein are stemcells. In some embodiments, the engineered cells described herein areiPSCs. In some embodiments, the engineered cells described herein aremesodermal cells. In some embodiments, the engineered cells describedherein are hemogenic endothelium (HE) cells (e.g., definitive hemogenicendothelium cells). In some embodiments, the engineered cells describedherein are hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HSPCs) (e.g.,definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells). In some embodiments,the engineered cells described herein are common lymphoid progenitor(CLP) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered cells described hereinare NK progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the engineered cellsdescribed herein are immature NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered cells described herein are NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered cells described herein are fully differentiated hematopoieticcells (e.g., NK cells). In some embodiments, stem cells (e.g., iPSCs)are gene-edited as described herein and then differentiated into one,two, three, four, five, six or more of the following cell types:mesodermal cells, HE cells, HSPCs, CLP cells, NK progenitor cells,immature NK cells and NK cells. In some embodiments, the differentiatedcells maintain all edits made in the cells from which they were derived(e.g., NK cells maintain all edits of gene-edited stem cells (e.g., iPSCcells) from which they were derived. In some embodiments, the engineeredcells described herein are CD34⁺ cells. In some embodiments, theengineered cells described herein are multipotent progenitors (MPP). Insome embodiments, the engineered cells described herein are commonlymphoid progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the engineered cellsdescribed herein are T cell progenitors.

In some embodiments, a hematopoietic cell such as an NK cell (derivedfrom an engineered stem cell) comprises the gene-edits described herein.

Definitions

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” refers to aquantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size,amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%,6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% compared to a reference quantity, level, value,number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight orlength. In one embodiment, the term “about” or “approximately” refers arange of quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage,dimension, size, amount, weight or length ±15%, ±10%, ±9%, ±8%, ±7%,±6%, ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, or 1% about a reference quantity, level, value,number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight orlength.

As used herein, the term “induced pluripotent stem cells” or, iPSCs,means that the stem cells are produced from differentiated adult,neonatal or fetal cells that have been induced or changed, i.e.,reprogrammed into cells capable of differentiating into tissues of allthree germ or dermal layers: mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. The iPSCsproduced do not refer to cells as they are found in nature.

The term “hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells,” “hematopoietic stemcells,” “hematopoietic progenitor cells,” or “hematopoietic precursorcells” refers to cells which are committed to a hematopoietic lineagebut are capable of further hematopoietic differentiation and include,multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (hematoblasts), myeloidprogenitors, megakaryocyte progenitors, erythrocyte progenitors, andlymphoid progenitors. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs) aremultipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell typesincluding myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils,eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells),and lymphoid lineages (T cells, B cells, NK cells). The term “definitivehematopoietic stem cell” as used herein, refers to CD34⁺ hematopoieticcells capable of giving rise to both mature myeloid and lymphoid celltypes including T cells, NK cells and B cells. Hematopoietic cells alsoinclude various subsets of primitive hematopoietic cells that give riseto primitive erythrocytes, megakarocytes and macrophages.

As used herein, the term “NK cell” or “Natural Killer cell” refer to asubset of peripheral blood lymphocytes defined by the expression of CD56or CD16 and the absence of the T cell receptor (CD3). As used herein,the terms “adaptive NK cell” and “memory NK cell” are interchangeableand refer to a subset of NK cells that are phenotypically CD3- andCD56⁺, expressing at least one of NKG2C and CD57, and optionally, CD16,but lack expression of one or more of the following: PLZF, SYK, FceRy,and EAT-2. In some embodiments, isolated subpopulations of CD56⁺ NKcells comprise expression of CD16, NKG2C, CD57, NKG2D, NCR ligands,NKp30, NKp40, NKp46, activating and inhibitory KIRs, NKG2A and/orDNAM-1.

As used herein, the terms “disruption,” “genetic modification” or“gene-edit” generally refer to a genetic modification wherein a site orregion of genomic DNA is altered, e.g., by a deletion or insertion, byany molecular biology method, e.g., methods described herein, e.g., bydelivering to a site of genomic DNA an endonuclease and at least onegRNA. Exemplary genetic modifications include insertions, deletions,duplications, inversions, and translocations, and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, a genetic modification is a deletion. In someembodiments, a genetic modification is an insertion. In otherembodiments, a genetic modification is an insertion-deletion mutation(or indel), such that the reading frame of the target gene is shiftedleading to an altered gene product or no gene product. As used herein,the term “engineered cell” refers to a cell with any disruption, geneticmodification, or gene-edit.

As used herein, the term “deletion” which may be used interchangeablywith the terms “genetic deletion”, “knock-out”, or “KO”, generallyrefers to a genetic modification wherein a site or region of genomic DNAis removed by any molecular biology method, e.g., methods describedherein, e.g., by delivering to a site of genomic DNA an endonuclease andat least one gRNA. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted. In someembodiments, a deletion involves the removal of at least one, at leasttwo, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least ten, atleast fifteen, at least twenty, or at least 25 nucleotides. In someembodiments, a deletion involves the removal of 10-50, 25-75, 50-100,50-200, or more than 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a deletioninvolves the removal of part of a target gene, e.g., all or part of apromoter and/or coding sequence of a B2M gene, a CIITA gene, a ADAM17gene, a FAS gene, a CISH gene, and/or a REGNASE-1 gene. In someembodiments, a deletion involves the removal of an entire target gene,e.g., a B2M gene, a CIITA gene, a ADAM17 gene, a FAS gene, a CISH gene,and/or a REGNASE-1 gene. In some embodiments, a deletion involves theremoval of a transcriptional regulator, e.g., a promoter region, of atarget gene. In some embodiments, a deletion involves the removal of allor part of a coding region such that the product normally expressed bythe coding region is no longer expressed, is expressed as a truncatedform, or expressed at a reduced level. In some embodiments, a deletionleads to a decrease in expression of a gene relative to an unmodifiedcell. In some embodiments, the decrease in expression can be a reducedlevel of expression (e.g., express less than 30%, less than 25%, lessthan 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the level of an unmodifiedcell). In some embodiments, the decrease in expression can be eliminatedexpression (e.g., no expression or do not express a detectable level ofRNA and/or protein). Expression can be measured using any standardRNA-based, protein-based, and/or antibody-based detection method (e.g.,RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and the like).Detectable levels are defined as being higher that the limit ofdetection (LOD), which is the lowest concentration that can be measured(detected) with statistical significance by means of a given detectionmethod.

As used herein, the term “endonuclease” generally refers to an enzymethat cleaves phosphodiester bonds within a polynucleotide. In someembodiments, an endonuclease specifically cleaves phosphodiester bondswithin a DNA polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an endonuclease is azinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator like effectornuclease (TALEN), homing endonuclease (HE), meganuclease, MegaTAL, or aCRISPR-associated endonuclease. In some embodiments, an endonuclease isa RNA-guided endonuclease. In certain aspects, the RNA-guidedendonuclease is a CRISPR nuclease, e.g., a Type II CRISPR Cas9endonuclease or a Type V CRISPR Cpf1 endonuclease. In some embodiments,an endonuclease is a Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7,Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas100, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3,Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1,Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16,CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, or Cpf1 endonuclease,or a homolog thereof, a recombination of the naturally occurringmolecule thereof, a codon-optimized version thereof, or a modifiedversion thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, anendonuclease may introduce one or more single-stranded breaks (SSBs)and/or one or more double-stranded breaks (DSBs).

As used herein, the term “guide RNA” or “gRNA” generally refers to shortribonucleic acid that can interact with, e.g., bind to, to anendonuclease and bind, or hybridize to a target genomic site or region.In some embodiments, a gRNA is a single-molecule guide RNA (sgRNA). Insome embodiments, a gRNA may comprise a spacer extension region. In someembodiments, a gRNA may comprise a tracrRNA extension region. In someembodiments, a gRNA is single-stranded. In some embodiments, a gRNAcomprises naturally occurring nucleotides. In some embodiments, a gRNAis a chemically modified gRNA. In some embodiments, a chemicallymodified gRNA is a gRNA that comprises at least one nucleotide with achemical modification, e.g., a 2′-O-methyl sugar modification. In someembodiments, a chemically modified gRNA comprises a modified nucleicacid backbone. In some embodiments, a chemically modified gRNA comprisesa 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate residue. In some embodiments, a gRNA maybe pre-complexed with a DNA endonuclease.

As used herein, the term “insertion” which may be used interchangeablywith the terms “genetic insertion” or “knock-in”, generally refers to agenetic modification wherein a polynucleotide is introduced or addedinto a site or region of genomic DNA by any molecular biological method,e.g., methods described herein, e.g., by delivering to a site of genomicDNA an endonuclease and at least one gRNA. In some embodiments, aninsertion may occur within or near a site of genomic DNA that has beenthe site of a prior genetic modification, e.g., a deletion orinsertion-deletion mutation. In some embodiments, an insertion occurs ata site of genomic DNA that partially overlaps, completely overlaps, oris contained within a site of a prior genetic modification, e.g., adeletion or insertion-deletion mutation. In some embodiments, aninsertion involves the introduction of a polynucleotide that encodes aprotein of interest. In some embodiments, an insertion involves theintroduction of a polynucleotide that encodes a tolerogenic factor(e.g., HLA-E), a CAR, a fusion protein of IL15 and ILRα, and/orSERPINB9. In some embodiments, an insertion involves the introduction ofan exogenous promoter, e.g., a constitutive promoter, e.g., a CAGpromoter. In some embodiments, an insertion involves the introduction ofa polynucleotide that encodes a noncoding gene. In general, apolynucleotide to be inserted is flanked by sequences (e.g., homologyarms) having substantial sequence homology with genomic DNA at or nearthe site of insertion.

As used herein, the terms “Major histocompatibility complex class r” or“MHC-I” generally refer to a class of biomolecules that are found on thecell surface of all nucleated cells in vertebrates, including mammals,e.g., humans; and function to display peptides of non-self or foreignantigens, e.g., proteins, from within the cell (i.e. cytosolic) tocytotoxic T cells, e.g., CD8⁺ T cells, in order to stimulate an immuneresponse. In some embodiments, a MHC-I biomolecule is a MHC-I gene or aMHC-I protein. Complexation of MHC-I proteins with beta-2 microglobulin(02M) protein is required for the cell surface expression of all MHC-Iproteins. In some embodiments, decreasing the expression of a MHC-Ihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) relative to an unmodified cell involves adecrease (or reduction) in the expression of a MHC-I gene. In someembodiments, decreasing the expression of a MHC-I human leukocyteantigen (HLA) relative to an unmodified cell involves a decrease (orreduction) in the cell surface expression of a MHC-I protein. In someembodiments, a MHC-I biomolecule is HLA-A (NCBI Gene ID No: 3105), HLA-B(NCBI Gene ID No: 3106), HLA-C(NCBI Gene ID No: 3107), or B2M (NCBI GeneID No: 567).

As used herein, the term “Major histocompatibility complex class II” or“MHC-II” generally refer to a class of biomolecules that are typicallyfound on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells in vertebrates,including mammals, e.g., humans; and function to display peptides ofnon-self or foreign antigens, e.g., proteins, from outside of the cell(extracellular) to cytotoxic T cells, e.g., CD8⁺ T cells, in order tostimulate an immune response. In some embodiments, an antigen-presentingcell is a dendritic cell, macrophage, or a B cell. In some embodiments,a MHC-II biomolecule is a MHC-II gene or a MHC-II protein. In someembodiments, decreasing the expression of a MHC-II human leukocyteantigen (HLA) relative to an unmodified cell involves a decrease (orreduction) in the expression of a MHC-II gene. In some embodiments,decreasing the expression of a MHC-II human leukocyte antigen (HLA)relative to an unmodified cell involves a decrease (or reduction) in thecell surface expression of a MHC-II protein. In some embodiments, aMHC-II biomolecule is HLA-DPA (NCBI Gene ID No: 3113), HLA-DPB (NCBIGene ID No: 3115), HLA-DMA (NCBI Gene ID No: 3108), HLA-DMB (NCBI GeneID No: 3109), HLA-DOA (NCBI Gene ID No: 3111), HLA-DOB (NCBI Gene ID No:3112), HLA-DQA (NCBI Gene ID No: 3117), HLA-DQB (NCBI Gene ID No: 3119),HLA-DRA (NCBI Gene ID No: 3122), or HLA-DRB (NCBI Gene ID No: 3123).

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide”, which may be usedinterchangeably with the term “nucleic acid” generally refers to abiomolecule that comprises two or more nucleotides. In some embodiments,a polynucleotide comprises at least two, at least five at least ten, atleast twenty, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 100, atleast 200, at least 250, at least 500, or any number of nucleotides. Apolynucleotide may be a DNA or RNA molecule or a hybrid DNA/RNAmolecule. A polynucleotide may be single-stranded or double-stranded. Insome embodiments, a polynucleotide is a site or region of genomic DNA.In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is an endogenous gene that iscomprised within the genome of an unmodified cell or gene-edited iPSC.In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is an exogenous polynucleotidethat is not integrated into genomic DNA. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide is an exogenous polynucleotide that is integrated intogenomic DNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is a plasmid or anadeno-associated viral vector. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide isa circular or linear molecule.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a mammal. In someembodiments, a subject is non-human primate or rodent. In someembodiments, a subject is a human. In some embodiments, a subject has,is suspected of having, or is at risk for, a disease or disorder. Insome embodiments, a subject has one or more symptoms of a disease ordisorder.

As used herein, the term “transcriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II”generally refers to a biomolecule that modulates, e.g., increases ordecreases, the expression of an MHC-I and/or MHC-II human leukocyteantigen. In some embodiments, a biomolecule is a polynucleotide, e.g., agene, or a protein. In some embodiments, a transcriptional regulator ofMHC-I or MHC-II will increase or decrease the cell surface expression ofat least one MHC-I or MHC-II protein. In some embodiments, atranscriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II will increase or decreasethe expression of at least one MHC-I or MHC-II gene. In someembodiments, the transcriptional regulator is CIITA (NCBI Gene ID No:4261) or NLRC5 (NCBI Gene ID No: 84166). In some embodiments, deletionor reduction of expression of CIITA or NLRC5 decreases expression of atleast one MHC-I or MHC-II gene.

As used herein, the term “engineered cell” generally refers to agenetically modified cell that is less susceptible to allogeneicrejection during a cellular transplant and/or demonstrates increasedsurvival after transplantation, relative to an unmodified cell. In someembodiments, a genetically modified cell as described herein is anengineered cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell has increasedimmune evasion and/or cell survival compared to an unmodified cell. Insome embodiments, the engineered cell has increased cell survivalcompared to an unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cellhas improved persistency, (ii) improved immune evasiveness, (iii)improved cytotoxic activity, (iv) improved ADCC activity, and/or (v)improved anti-tumor activity compared to an unmodified cell. In someembodiments, an engineered cell may be a stem cell. In some embodiments,an engineered cell may be an embryonic stem cell (ESC), an adult stemcell (ASC), an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), or a hematopoieticstem or progenitor cell (HSPC). In some embodiments, an engineered cellmay be a differentiated cell. In some embodiments, an engineered cellmay be a somatic cell (e.g., immune system cells). In some embodiments,an engineered cell is administered to a subject. In some embodiments, anengineered cell is administered to a subject who has, is suspected ofhaving, or is at risk for a disease. In some embodiments, the engineeredcell is capable of being differentiated into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells. In someembodiments, the lineage-restricted progenitor cells are pancreaticendoderm progenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, mesenchymalprogenitor cells, muscle progenitor cells, blast cells, or neuralprogenitor cells. In some embodiments, the fully differentiated somaticcells are endocrine secretory cells such as pancreatic beta cells,epithelial cells, endodermal cells, macrophages, hepatocytes,adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells, or immune system cells.

As used herein, the term “unmodified cell” refers to a cell that has notbeen subjected to a genetic modification involving a polynucleotide orgene that encodes any of the genes described herein. In someembodiments, an unmodified cell may be a stem cell. In some embodiments,an unmodified cell may be an embryonic stem cell (ESC), an adult stemcell (ASC), an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), or a hematopoieticstem or progenitor cell (HSPC). In some embodiments, an unmodified cellmay be a differentiated cell. In some embodiments, an unmodified cellmay be selected from somatic cells (e.g., immune system cells, e.g., a Tcell, e.g., a CD8⁺ T cell). If a gene-edited iPSC or NK cell is compared“relative to an unmodified cell”, the iPSC or NK cell and the unmodifiedcell are the same cell type or share a common parent cell line, e.g., agene-edited NK cell is compared relative to an unmodified NK cell.

As used herein, the term “within or near a gene” refers to a site orregion of genomic DNA that is an intronic or exonic component of a saidgene or is located proximal to a said gene. In some embodiments, a siteof genomic DNA is within a gene if it comprises at least a portion of anintron or exon of said gene. In some embodiments, a site of genomic DNAlocated near a gene may be at the 5′ or 3′ end of said gene (e.g., the5′ or 3′ end of the coding region of said gene). In some embodiments, asite of genomic DNA located near a gene may be a promoter region orrepressor region that modulates the expression of said gene. In someembodiments, a site of genomic DNA located near a gene may be on thesame chromosome as said gene. In some embodiments, a site or region ofgenomic DNA is near a gene if it is within 50Kb, 40Kb, 30Kb, 20Kb, 10Kb,5Kb, 1Kb, or closer to the 5′ or 3′ end of said gene (e.g., the 5′ or 3′end of the coding region of said gene).

As used herein, the term “tolerogenic factor” generally refers to aprotein (e.g., expressed by a polynucleotide as described herein) that,when increased or decreased in a cell, enables the cell, e.g., anengineered cell, to inhibit or evade immune rejection aftertransplantation or engraftment into a host subject at higher ratesrelative to an unmodified cell. In some embodiments, a tolerogenicfactor is a human tolerogenic factor. In some embodiments, the geneticmodification of at least one tolerogenic factor (e.g., the insertion ordeletion of at least one tolerogenic factor) enables a cell, e.g., anengineered cell, to inhibit or evade immune rejection with rates atleast 1.05, at least 1.1, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at least 2, atleast 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or at least50 times higher than an unmodified cell following engraftment. In someembodiments, a tolerogenic factor is HLA-E (NCBI Gene ID No: 3133),HLA-G (NCBI Gene ID No: 3135), CTLA-4 (NCBI Gene ID No: 1493), CD47(NCBI Gene ID No: 961), or PD-L1 (NCBI Gene ID No: 29126). In someembodiments, a tolerogenic factor is inserted into a cell, e.g., anengineered cell. In some embodiments, a tolerogenic factor is deletedfrom a cell, e.g., an engineered cell. In some embodiments, an insertionof a polynucleotide that encodes HLA-E, HLA-G, CTLA-4, CD47, and/orPD-L1 enables a cell, e.g., an engineered cell, to inhibit or evadeimmune rejection after transplantation or engraftment into a hostsubject.

As used herein, the term “comprising” or “comprises” is inclusive oropen-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements,ingredients, or method steps; the phrase “consisting of” or “consistsof” is closed and excludes any element, step, or ingredient notspecified; and the phrase “consisting essentially of” or “consistsessentially” means that specific further components can be present,namely those not materially affecting the essential characteristics ofthe compound, composition, or method. When used in the context of asequence, the phrase “consisting essentially of” or “consistsessentially” means that the sequence can comprise substitutions and/oradditional sequences that do not change the essential function orproperties of the sequence.

Gene Editing

Described herein are strategies to enable genetically modified cells toevade immune response and/or increase their survival, or viabilityfollowing engraftment into a subject. In some embodiments, thesestrategies enable gene-edited cells to evade immune response and/orsurvive at higher success rates than an unmodified cell.

In certain embodiments, any cells described herein are gene-edited usingany of the gene-editing methods described herein (e.g., using CRISPR/Casgene editing to insert or delete one or more nucleotides). In someembodiments, a disrupted gene is a gene that does not encode functionalprotein. In some embodiments, a cell that comprises a disrupted genedoes not express (e.g., at the cell surface) a detectable level (e.g. byantibody, e.g., by flow cytometry) of the protein encoded by the gene. Acell that does not express a detectable level of the protein may bereferred to as a knockout cell.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited todisrupt one or more of the genes encoding an MHC-I or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigen, a component of a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, or atranscriptional regulator of a MHC-I or MHC-II complex. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to disrupt oneor more of the genes encoding an MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyteantigen. In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-editedto disrupt one or more of the genes encoding one or more components ofan MHC-I or MHC-II complex. In some embodiments, the cells describedherein are gene-edited to disrupt one or more of the genes encoding oneor more transcriptional regulator of an MHC-I or MHC-II complex.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited todisrupt one or more genes including but not limited to: B2M, CIITA,ADAM17, CISH, REGNASE1, FAS, TIGIT, PD-1, NKG2A, CD70 and/or ALK4, typeI activin receptor (e.g., conditionally). In some embodiments, the cellsdescribed herein are gene-edited to disrupt B2M, CIITA, CISH, FAS,and/or ADAM17. In some embodiments, the cells described herein aregene-edited to disrupt B2M. In some embodiments, the cells describedherein are gene-edited to disrupt CIITA. In some embodiments, the cellsdescribed herein are gene-edited to disrupt ADAM17. In some embodiments,the cells described herein are gene-edited to disrupt CISH. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to disruptREGNASE1. In some embodiments, the cells described herein aregene-edited to disrupt FAS. In some embodiments, the cells describedherein are gene-edited to disrupt TIGIT. In some embodiments, the cellsdescribed herein are gene-edited to disrupt PD-1. In some embodiments,the cells described herein are gene-edited to disrupt NKG2A. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to disrupt CD70.In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited todisrupt ALK4, type I activin receptor (e.g., conditionally).

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert a polynucleotide encoding, without limitation, one or more of thefollowing: a tolerogenic factor, IL15, IL15R& IL15/IL15Rα, HLA-E, a CAR,and SERPINB9. In some embodiments, the cells described herein aregene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding IL15. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding IL15Rα. In some embodiments, the cells describedherein are gene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα. In some embodiments, the cells describedherein are gene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding a tolerogenicfactor, such as HLA-E (e.g., wherein the HLA-E is a trimer comprising aB2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentation peptide fused to theB2M membrane protein fused to the HLA-E protein without a signalpeptide). In some embodiments, the cells described herein aregene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding a CAR. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding an IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct. Insome embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct. In someembodiments the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding a CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert a polynucleotide encoding CD16 (e.g., a high affinitynon-cleavable CD16). In some embodiments, the cells described herein arenot gene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding CD16. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are not gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding a high affinity non-cleavable CD16. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding, without limitation, one or more of thefollowing: IL15, IL15R&, IL15/IL15R&, HLA-E and CD16 (e.g., a highaffinity non-cleavable CD16), wherein the cell has a disruptedexpression of B2M (e.g., the cell is gene-edited to disrupt B2M leadingto, e.g., elimination of B2M expression). In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα, and HLA-E (e.g., HLA-E trimercomprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentation peptidefused to the B2M membrane protein fused to the HLA-E protein without asignal peptide), or the polynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-Etrimer is inserted in the B2M gene locus (e.g., in exon 1 of the B2Mgene locus).

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert any of the polynucleotides described herein wherein the cell hasa disrupted expression of CIITA (e.g., the cell is gene-edited todisrupt CIITA leading to, e.g., elimination of CIITA expression). Insome embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited to insertany of the polynucleotides described herein in the disrupted CIITA genelocus (e.g., in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus).

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert a polynucleotide encoding one or more chimeric antigen receptors(CARs). In some embodiments, and without limitation, the CAR is a BCMA(i.e., B cell maturation antigen) CAR, CD30 CAR, CD19 CAR, CD33 CAR,NKG2D (i.e., natural killer group 2D receptor) CAR (or a CAR or receptorcomprising an NKG2D ectodomain), CD70 CAR, NKp30 (i.e., natural killerprotein 30) CAR, CD73 CAR, GPR87 (i.e., G protein-coupled receptor 87)CAR, or SLC7A11 (i.e., solute carrier family 7 member 11, which is alsocalled xCT) CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is a BCMA CAR. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide encoding a CAR comprises or has thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. In some embodiments, the CAR is a CD33 CAR.In some embodiments, the CAR is a CD19 CAR. In some embodiments, the CARis a CD33 CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is a NKG2D CAR (or a CAR orreceptor comprising an NKG2D ectodomain). In some embodiments, the CARis a CD70 CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is a NKp30 CAR. In someembodiments, the CAR is a CD73 CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is aGPR87 CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is a SLC7A11 (xCT) CAR.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert a polynucleotide encoding a CAR, wherein the cell has a disruptedexpression of CIITA (e.g., the cell is gene-edited to disrupt CIITAleading to, e.g., elimination of CIITA expression). In some embodiments,the polynucleotide encoding a CAR is inserted in the disrupted CIITAgene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding a CAR is insertedin exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, the cellsdescribed herein are gene-edited to insert a polynucleotide encoding aCAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct, wherein the cell has a disruptedexpression of CIITA (e.g., the cell is gene-edited to disrupt CIITAleading to, e.g., elimination of CIITA expression). In some embodiments,the polynucleotide encoding a CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct is insertedin the disrupted CIITA gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotideencoding a CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct is inserted in exon 2 of theCIITA gene locus.

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are gene-edited toinsert a polynucleotide encoding a CAR, wherein the cell has a disruptedexpression of B2M (e.g., the cell is gene-edited to disrupt B2M leadingto, e.g., elimination of B2M expression). In some embodiments, the CARis inserted in the disrupted B2M gene locus (e.g., in exon 1 of the B2Mgene locus).

In some embodiments, the cells described herein are edited to disrupt(i) one or more of the genes encoding an MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyteantigen, a component of a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, or a transcriptionalregulator of a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, and (ii) ADAM17. In someembodiments, such cells are further gene-edited to insert apolynucleotide encoding one or more chimeric antigen receptors (CARs),such as any CARs described herein (e.g., a BCMA CAR). In someembodiments, such cells are hypoimunogenic. In some embodiments, suchcells are further gene-edited to disrupt one or more genes describedherein, e.g., CIITA. In some embodiments, such cells are furthergene-edited to insert any polynucleotide described herein, e.g., apolynucleotide encoding IL15, IL15Rα, IL15/IL15R&, HLA-E (e.g., HLA-Etrimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentationpeptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to the HLA-E proteinwithout a signal peptide), or a polynucleotide encodingIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method ofgenerating genome-engineered stem cells (e.g., iPSCs), wherein the stemcells comprise at least one targeted genomic modification at one or moreselected sites in genome, the method comprising genetically engineeringa cell type as described herein by introducing into said cells one ormore constructs to allow targeted modification at a selected site;introducing into said cells one or more double strand breaks at theselected sites using one or more endonuclease capable of selected siterecognition; and culturing the edited cells to allow endogenous DNArepair to generate targeted insertions or deletions at the selectedsites; thereby obtaining genome-modified stem cells. In someembodiments, the cell that is engineered (i.e., the starting cell) is astem cell (e.g., an embryonic stem cell (ESC), an adult stem cell (ASC),an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), or a hematopoietic stem orprogenitor cell (HSPC)). The stem cells (e.g., iPSCs) generated orobtainable by this method will comprise at least one functional targetedgenomic modification, and wherein the genome-modified cells, are thencapable of being differentiated into progenitor cells orfully-differentiated cells (e.g., natural killer (NK) cells). In someembodiments, the differentiated cells (e.g., NK cells) maintain all ofthe gene-edits of the cells from which they were derived.

In some embodiments, a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) containing anRNA-guided nuclease (e.g., a Cas nuclease, such as a Cas9 nuclease) anda gRNA targeting the gene to be disrupted are delivered to any celldescribed herein (e.g., iPSC). A RNP is an RNA-guided nuclease (e.g.,Cas9) pre-complexed/complexed with a gRNA. In other embodiments, theRNA-guided nuclease and gRNA are delivered separately to cells. In someembodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells does not express a detectable level of the protein encoded by thedisrupted gene. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%,50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%,70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cellsof a population do not express a detectable level of the disrupted geneproduct.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells expresses a detectable level of the protein encodedby the inserted polynucleotide. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%,50%-80%, 50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%,70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of theengineered cells of a population express a detectable level of theprotein encoded by the inserted polynucleotide.

MHC I and MHC II Edits

Major histocompatibility complex I and II (MHC I and MHC IIrespectively) are cell surface proteins which perform an essential rolein the adaptive immune system. The genes that encode the majorhistocompatibility complex (MHC) are located on human Chr. 6p21. Theresultant proteins coded by the MHC genes are a series of surfaceproteins that are essential in donor compatibility during cellulartransplantation. MHC genes are divided into MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHCclass II (MHC-II). MHC-I genes (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) are expressedin almost all tissue cell types, presenting “non-self” antigen-processedpeptides to CD8⁺ T cells, thereby promoting their activation tocytolytic CD8⁺ T cells. Transplanted or engrafted cells expressing“non-self” MHC-I molecules will cause a robust cellular immune responsedirected at these cells and ultimately resulting in their demise byactivated cytolytic CD8⁺ T cells. MHC-I proteins are intimatelyassociated with beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) in the endoplasmic reticulum,which is essential for forming functional MHC-I molecules on the cellsurface. In addition, there are three non-classical MHC-II molecules(HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G), which have immune regulatory functions.MHC-II biomolecule include HLA-DP, HLA-DM, HLA-DOA, HLA-DOB, HLA-DQ, andHLA-DR. Due to their primary function in the immune response, MHC-I andMHC-II biomolecules contribute to immune rejection following cellularengraftment of non-host cells, e.g., cellular engraftment for purposesof regenerative medicine.

In some embodiments, a cell comprises a genomic modification of one ormore MHC-I or MHC-II genes. In some embodiments, a cell comprises agenomic modification of one or more polynucleotide sequences thatregulates the expression of MHC-I and/or MHC-II. In some embodiments, agenetic modification of the disclosure is performed using any geneediting method including but not limited to those methods describedherein.

In some embodiments, any of the cells described herein have MHC I and/orMHC II genetic modifications. In some embodiments, MHC I is disrupted.In some embodiments, MHC II is disrupted. In some embodiments, both MHCI and MHC II are disrupted. In some embodiments, an MHC I encoding geneis inserted. In some embodiments, an MHC II encoding gene is inserted.In some embodiments, any genetically modified cell described hereincomprises the introduction of at least one genetic modification withinor near at least one gene that decreases the expression of one or moreMHC-I and MHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodifiedcell; at least one genetic modification that increases the expression ofat least one polynucleotide that encodes a tolerogenic factor relativeto an unmodified cell. In some embodiments, genetically modified cellscomprise the introduction of at least one genetic modification within ornear at least one gene that decreases the expression of one or moreMHC-I and MHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodifiedcell; at least one genetic modification that increases the expression ofat least one polynucleotide that encodes a tolerogenic factor relativeto an unmodified cell. In other embodiments, genetically modified cellscomprise at least one deletion or insertion-deletion mutation within ornear at least one gene that alters the expression of one or more MHC-Iand MHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodified cell; andat least one insertion of a polynucleotide that encodes at least onetolerogenic factor at a site that partially overlaps, completelyoverlaps, or is contained within, the site of a deletion of a gene thatalters the expression of one or more MHC-I and MHC-II HLAs.

In some embodiments, decreasing the expression of one or more MHC-I andMHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodified cell isaccomplished by targeting, e.g., for genetic deletion and/or insertionof at least one base pair, in a MHC-I and/or MHC-II gene directly. Insome embodiments, decreasing the expression of one or more MHC-I andMHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodified cell isaccomplished by targeting, e.g., for genetic deletion, a CIITA gene. Insome embodiments, decreasing the expression of one or more MHC-I andMHC-II human leukocyte antigens relative to an unmodified cell isaccomplished by targeting, e.g., for genetic deletion, at least onetranscriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II. In some embodiments, atranscriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II is a NLRC5, or CIITA gene.In some embodiments, a transcriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II is aRFX5, RFXAP, RFXANK, NFY-A, NFY-B, NFY-C, IRF-1, and/or TAP1 gene.

In some embodiments, the genome of a cell has been modified to deletethe entirety or a portion of an HLA-A, HLA-B, and/or HLA-C gene. In someembodiments, the genome of a cell has been modified to delete theentirety or a portion of a promoter region of an HLA-A, HLA-B, and/orHLA-C gene. In some embodiments, the genome of a cell has been modifiedto delete the entirety or a portion of a gene that encodes atranscriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II. In some embodiments, thegenome of a cell has been modified to delete the entirety or a portionof a promoter region of a gene that encodes a transcriptional regulatorof MHC-I or MHC-II.

MHC-I cell surface molecules are composed of MHC-encoded heavy chains(HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C) and the invariant subunit beta-2-microglobulin(B2M). Thus, a reduction in the concentration of B2M within a cellallows for an effective method of reducing the cell surface expressionof MHC-I cell surface molecules. In some embodiments, tolerogenicfactors can be inserted or reinserted into genetically modified cells tocreate immune-privileged iPSC or NK cells. In some embodiments, the iPSCor NK cells disclosed herein have been further modified to express oneor more tolerogenic factors. Exemplary tolerogenic factors include,without limitation, one or more of HLA-C, HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G, PD-L1,CTLA-4-Ig, CD47, CI-inhibitor, and IL-35. In some embodiments, thegenetic modification, e.g., insertion, of at least one polynucleotideencoding at least one tolerogenic factor enables a gene-edited iPSC orNK cell to inhibit or evade immune rejection with rates at least 1.05,at least 1.1, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 3, atleast 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or at least 50 timeshigher than an unmodified cell following engraftment. In someembodiments, an insertion of a polynucleotide that encodes HLA-E, HLA-G,CTLA-4, CD47, and/or PD-L1 enables a iPSC or NK cell to inhibit or evadeimmune rejection after transplantation or engraftment into a hostsubject.

The polynucleotide encoding the tolerogenic factor generally comprisesleft and right homology arms that flank the sequence encoding thetolerogenic factor. The homology arms have substantial sequence homologyto genomic DNA at or near the targeted insertion site. For example, theleft homology arm can be a nucleotide sequence homologous with a regionlocated to the left or upstream of the target site or cut site and theright homology arm can be a nucleotide sequence homologous with a regionlocated to the right or downstream of the target site or cut site. Theproximal end of each homology arm can be homologous to genomic DNAsequence abutting the cut site. Alternatively, the proximal end of eachhomology arm can be homologous to genomic DNA sequence located up toabout 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 nucleobases away from the cut site.As such, the polynucleotide encoding the tolerogenic factor can beinserted into the targeted gene locus within about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, or 70 base pairs of the cut site, and additional genomic DNAbordering the cut site (and having no homology to a homolog arm) can bedeleted. The homology arms can range in length from about 50 nucleotidesto several of thousands of nucleotides. In some embodiments, thehomology arms can range in length from about 500 nucleotides to about1000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the homology arms are 600 bp, 700bp, 800 bp, or 900 bp. In some embodiments, the homology arms are 800bp. In some embodiments, the substantial sequence homology between thehomology arms and the genomic DNA is at least about 80%, at least about85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99%. Insome embodiments, the homology arms have 100% sequence identity withgenomic DNA flanking the target site.

In some embodiments, the at least one polynucleotide encoding at leastone tolerogenic factor is operably linked to an exogenous promoter. Insome embodiments, the exogenous promoter can be a constitutive,inducible, temporal-, tissue-, or cell type-specific promoter. In someembodiments, the exogenous promoter is a CAGGS, CMV, EF1a, PGK, CAG, orUBC promoter.

In some embodiments, the at least one polynucleotide encoding at leastone tolerogenic factor is inserted into a safe harbor locus, e.g., theAAVS 1 locus. In some embodiments, a safe harbor locus for inserting anygene described herein is selected from, but not limited to AAVS1 (PPP1R12C), ALB, Angpt13, ApoC3, ASGR2, CCR5, FIX (F9), G6PC, Gys2, HGD,Lp(a), Pcsk9, Serpinal, TF, and TTR.

In some embodiments, the at least one polynucleotide encoding at leastone tolerogenic factor is inserted into a site or region of genomic DNAthat partially overlaps, completely overlaps, or is contained within(i.e., is within or near) a MHC-I gene, MHC-II gene, or atranscriptional regulator of MHC-I or MHC-II.

In some embodiments, the genome of a cell has been modified to decreasethe expression of the NLR family, CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5).NLRC5 is a critical regulator of MHC-I-mediated immune responses and,similar to CITA, NLRC5 is highly inducible by IFN-γ and can translocateinto the nucleus. NLRC5 activates the promoters of MHC-I genes andinduces the transcription of MHC-I as well as related genes involved inMHC-I antigen presentation.

In some embodiments, cells having no MHC-II expression and moderateexpression of MHC-I are genetically modified to have no surfaceexpression of MHC-I or MHC-II. In another embodiment, cells with nosurface expression of MHC-I/II are further edited to have expression ofprogrammed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), e.g., insertion of a polynucleotideencoding PD-L1. In yet another embodiment, cells with no surfaceexpression of MHC-I/II are further edited to have expression of PD-L1,e.g., insertion of a polynucleotide encoding PD-L1.

In some embodiments, the cells further comprise increased or decreasedexpression, e.g., by a genetic modification, of one or more additionalgenes that are not necessarily implicated in either immune evasion orcell survival post-engraftment. In some embodiments, the cells furthercomprise increased expression of one or more safety switch proteinsrelative to an unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the cells compriseincreased expression of one or more additional genes that encode asafety switch protein. In some embodiments, a safety switch is also asuicide gene. In some embodiments, a safety switch is herpes simplexvirus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) or inducible caspase-9. In someembodiments, a polynucleotide that encodes at least one safety switch isinserted into a genome, e.g., into a safe harbor locus. In some otherembodiments, the one or more additional genes that are geneticallymodified encode one or more of safety switch proteins; targetingmodalities; receptors; signaling molecules; transcription factors;pharmaceutically active proteins or peptides; drug target candidates;and proteins promoting engraftment, trafficking, homing, viability,self-renewal, persistence, and/or survival thereof integrated with theconstruct.

B2M Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt beta-2-microglobulin (B2M or β2M) gene (NCBI Gene ID: 567).B2M is a non-polymorphic gene that encodes a common protein subunitrequired for surface expression of all polymorphic MHC class I heavychains. HLA-I proteins are intimately associated with B2M in theendoplasmic reticulum, which is essential for forming functional,cell-surface expressed HLA-I molecules. Disrupting its expression bygene editing will prevent host versus therapeutic cell responses leadingto increased therapeutic cell persistence. In some embodiments,expression of the endogenous B2M gene is eliminated to prevent ahost-versus-graft response. In some embodiments, the disrupted B2M canprevent allo-immune response due to MHC-I.

In some embodiments, any of the gene-editing methods described hereinare used to disrupt the B2M gene. In some embodiments, any engineeredcell described herein comprises a disrupted B2M gene. In someembodiments, an iPSC described herein comprises a disrupted B2M gene. Insome embodiments, an NK cell described herein comprises a disrupted B2Mgene.

In some embodiments, a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) containing anRNA-guided nuclease (e.g., a Cas nuclease, such as a Cas9 nuclease) anda gRNA targeting the B2M gene (or any other gene of interest) aredelivered to any cell described herein (e.g., iPSC). A ribonucleoproteinparticle (RNP) is an RNA-guided nuclease (e.g., Cas9)pre-complexed/complexed with a gRNA. In other embodiments, theRNA-guided nuclease and gRNA are delivered separately to cells. In someembodiments, the gRNA targets a site in the B2M gene. Non-limitingexamples of modified and unmodified B2M gRNA sequences that may be usedas provided herein to create a genomic disruption in the B2M geneinclude sequences corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 34, 78 and79. In some embodiments, a gRNA is used to target the B2M site forgene-editing. Other gRNA sequences may be designed using the B2M genesequence located on Chromosome 15 (GRCh38 coordinates: Chromosome 15:44,711,477-44,718,877; Ensembl: ENSG00000166710). In some embodiments,any B2M RNP described herein is used in combination with a donor plasmidcontaining B2M homology arms for insertion of any polynucleotidedescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a polynucleotide sequencecorresponding to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 78,and SEQ ID NO: 79. In some embodiments, a gRNA/CRISPR nuclease complextargets and cleaves a target site in the B2M gene locus. In someembodiments, the B2M gRNA targets a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 34,78, or 79. Repair of a double-stranded break by NHEJ can result in adeletion of at least on nucleotide and/or an insertion of at least onenucleotide, thereby disrupting or eliminating expression of B2M. In someembodiments, the B2M gene locus is targeted by at least two CRISPRsystems each comprising a different gRNA, such that cleavage at twosites in the B2M gene locus leads to a deletion of the sequence betweenthe two cuts, thereby eliminating expression of B2M.

In some embodiments, the homology arms are used with B2M guides (e.g.,gRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34). In someembodiments, the homology arms are designed to be used with any B2Mguide that would eliminate the start site of the B2M gene. In someembodiments, the B2M homology arms comprise or consist essentially of apolynucleotides of the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 54, orpolynucleotides having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identitywith that of SEQ ID NOs: 36 or 54. In some embodiments, the left B2Mhomology arm can comprise or consist essentially of SEQ ID NO: 36, or apolynucleotide sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequenceidentity with that of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the right B2Mhomology arm can comprise or consist essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54, or apolynucleotide sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequenceidentity with that of SEQ ID NO:54.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the B2M genomic region createIndels in the B2M gene disrupting expression of the mRNA or protein.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of B2M surfaceprotein. For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of theengineered cells of a population may not express a detectable level ofB2M surface protein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%,50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%,70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cellsof a population does not express a detectable level of B2M surfaceprotein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of B2M surface protein.In some embodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of B2M surface protein.For example, less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%,less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells ofa population of cells express a detectable level of B2M surface protein.In some embodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%,30%-10%, 30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of B2M surface protein.

CIITA Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt Class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator(CIITA) gene (NCBI Gene ID: 4261). CIITA is a member of the LR ornucleotide binding domain (NBD) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family ofproteins and regulates the transcription of MHC-II by associating withthe MHC enhanceosome. The expression of CIITA is induced in B cells anddendritic cells as a function of developmental stage and is inducible byIFN-7 in most cell types. In some embodiments, the disrupted CIITA genelocus can prevent allo-immune response due to MHC-II.

In some embodiments, any of the gene-editing methods described hereinare used to disrupt the CIITA gene. In some embodiments, any engineeredcell described herein comprises a disrupted CIITA gene. In someembodiments, an iPSC described herein comprises a disrupted CIITA gene.In some embodiments, an NK cell described herein comprises a disruptedCIITA gene.

In some embodiments, a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) containing anRNA-guided nuclease (e.g., a Cas nuclease, such as a Cas9 nuclease) anda gRNA targeting the CIITA gene (or any other gene of interest) aredelivered to any cell described herein (e.g., iPSC). A ribonucleoproteinparticle (RNP) is a RNA-guided nuclease (e.g., Cas9)pre-complexed/complexed with a gRNA. In other embodiments, theRNA-guided nuclease and gRNA are delivered separately to cells.Non-limiting examples of modified and unmodified CIITA gRNA sequencesthat may be used as provided herein to create a genomic disruption inthe CIITA gene are listed in Table 15 (e.g., corresponding sequences ofSEQ ID NOS: 13-17). In some embodiments, the gRNA targets a site withinthe CIITA gene. In some embodiments, the CIITA gRNA targets a sequencecomprising SEQ ID NOS: 13-17. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises apolynucleotide sequence corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. Insome embodiments, any CIITA RNP described herein is used in combinationwith a donor plasmid containing CIITA homology arms for insertion of anypolynucleotide described herein.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the CIITA genomic region createIndels in the CIITA gene disrupting expression of the mRNA or protein.In some embodiments, a gRNA/CRISPR nuclease complex targets and cleavesa target site in the CIITA gene locus. Repair of a double-stranded breakby NHEJ can result in a deletion of at least on nucleotide and/or aninsertion of at least one nucleotide, thereby disrupting or eliminatingexpression of CIITA. In some embodiments, the CIITA gene locus istargeted by at least two CRISPR systems each comprising a differentgRNA, such that cleavage at two sites in the CIITA gene locus leads to adeletion of the sequence between the two cuts, thereby eliminatingexpression of CIITA.

In some embodiments, the homology arms are used with CIITA guides (e.g.,gRNAs comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to a sequence ofany one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17). In some embodiments, the homology armsare designed to be used with any CIITA guide that would eliminate thestart site of the CIITA gene. In some embodiments, the CIITA homologyarms comprise or consist essentially of polynucleotides of SEQ ID NOs:22 and 32, or polynucleotide sequences having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or99% sequence identity with that of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 32. In someembodiments, the left CIITA homology arm can comprise or consistessentially of SEQ ID NO: 22, or a polynucleotide sequence having atleast 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identity with that of SEQ ID NO:22. In some embodiments, the right CIITA homology arm can comprise orconsist essentially of SEQ ID NO: 32, or a polynucleotide sequencehaving at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identity with that of SEQID NO: 32.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of CIITAprotein. For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of theengineered cells of a population may not express a detectable level ofCIITA surface protein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%,50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%,70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cellsof a population does not express a detectable level of CIITA protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of CIITA protein. In someembodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells express a detectable level of CIITA protein. For example, lessthan 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%,less than 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of a populationof cells express a detectable level of CIITA protein. In someembodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of CIITA protein.

In some embodiments, any polynucleotide described herein is insertedinto the CIITA gene locus such that 86 base pairs (bp) of the CIITA exon2 are removed after homology directed repair.

HLA-E Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein comprisesan insertion of a polynucleotide encoding human leukocyte antigen E(HLA-E; also called major histocompatibility complex, class I, E). HLA-Eis encoded by HLA-E gene (gene (NCBI Gene ID: 3133). HLA-E is aheterodimer class I molecule. HLA-E primarily functions as a ligand forthe NK cell inhibitory receptor KLRD1-KLRC1. HLA-E enables NK cells tomonitor other MHC class I molecule expression and to tolerateself-expression. In some embodiments, the insertion of the HLA-E canprotect the iNK from PB-NK “missing self” response. In some embodiments,expression of HLA-E is increased in cells. In some embodiments, an iPSCcomprises an inserted polynucleotide encoding in HLA-E (or HLA-Eknock-in). In some embodiments, an NK cell comprises an insertedpolynucleotide encoding in HLA-E (or HLA-E knock-in). In someembodiments, the HLA-E is an HLA-E trimer.

Non-limiting examples of modified and unmodified HLA-E cDNA sequencesthat may be used as provided herein to create a genomic knock-in of theHLA-E gene include SEQ ID NO: 51 (i.e., HLA-E CDS) and SEQ ID NO: 75(e.g., HLA-E trimer, consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 46-51). In someembodiments, the HLA-E trimer polynucleotide has at least 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 75. In someembodiments, the HLA trimer has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:142.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of HLA-E surface protein.For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the engineeredcells of a population express a detectable level of HLA-E surfaceprotein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%,50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%,70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cells of apopulation express a detectable level of HLA-E surface protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of HLA-E surfaceprotein. In some embodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of HLA-E surfaceprotein. For example, less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, lessthan 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of theengineered cells of a population of cells do not express a detectablelevel of HLA-E surface protein. In some embodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%,40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%, 30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% ofthe engineered cells of a population of cells do not express adetectable level of HLA-E surface protein.

In some embodiments, any of the HLA-E polynucleotides described hereinare inserted into any safe-harbor locus described herein. In someembodiments, any of the HLA-E polynucleotides described herein areinserted into any B2M gene locus described herein. In some embodiments,any of the HLA-E polynucleotides described herein are inserted into anyCIITA gene locus described herein. In some embodiments, the HLA-Epolynucleotide is an HLA-E trimer composed of a B2M signal peptide fusedto an HLA-G presentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fusedto the HLA-E protein without its signal peptide. In some embodiments,the HLA-E trimer comprises or consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 75. Insome embodiments, the HLA-E polynucleotide has at least 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 75. In someembodiments, the trimer design is that described in Gornalusse et al.(2017) Nat. Biotechnol. 35(8): 765-772, which is incorporated herein inits entirety.

IL15 and IL15Rα Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein comprisesan insertion of polynucleotide encoding interleukin-15 (IL15), IL15Rα,and/or a fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα (“IL15/IL15Rα”). IL15 is acytokine that functions in regulating NK cell proliferation andactivation, and is encoded by IL15 gene (MCBI Gene ID: 3600). IL15Rα(also called IR15a) is the receptor that binds IL15, and is encoded byIL15Rα gene (MCBI Gene ID: 16169). In some embodiments, the insertion ofthe polynucleotide encoding IL15, IL15Rα, and/or fusion protein of IL15and IL15Rα can lead to increased iNK persistence of the engineered cell.

In some embodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotide encoding115, and the polynucleotide comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 41. Insome embodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotide encodingIL15Rα, and the polynucleotide comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 43.In some embodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotide encoding afusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα (“IL15/IL15Rα”). In some embodiments,the fusion sequence is as described in Hurton et al. (2016) Proc NatlAcad Sci USA; 113(48):E7788-E7797. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1610544113, whichis incorporated herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO:76 (which consists of SEQ ID NOS: 40-44). In some embodiments, theIL15/IL15Rα polynucleotide has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments,the IL15/IL15Rα fusion has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143.

In some embodiments, 115 and IL15Rα are co-expressed. In someembodiments, a self-cleaving peptide is used to co-express IL15 andIL15Rα. In some embodiments, the self-cleaving peptide is selected from,but not limited to, P2A (derived from porcine teschovirus-1 2A), E2A(derived from equine rhinitis A virus), F2A (derived from foot-and-mouthdisease virus 18), and T2A (derived thosea asigna virus 2A). In someembodiments, the self-cleaving peptide is derived from P2A. In someembodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotide encoding IL15,P2A, IL15Rα (IL15-P2A-IL15Rα). In some embodiments, an iPSC comprises aknock-in of the IL15-P2A-IL15Rα polynucleotide. In some embodiments, anNK cell comprises a knock-in of the IL15-P2A-IL15Rα polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of any IL15, IL15Rα,and/or IL15/IL15Rα described herein. For example, at least 55%, at least60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least90%, or at least 95% of the engineered cells of a population express adetectable level of IL15, IL15Rα, and/or IL15/IL15Rα. In someembodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%,60%-90%, 60%%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%,80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cells of a population expresses adetectable level of IL15, IL15Rα, and/or IL15/IL15Rα.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of IL15, IL15Rα,and/or IL15/IL15Rα. In some embodiments, less than 30% of the engineeredcells of a population of cells do not express a detectable level ofIL15, IL15Rα, and/or IL15/IL15Rα. For example, less than 50%, less than30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or lessthan 5% of the engineered cells of a population of cells do not expressa detectable level of IL15, IL15Rα, and/or IL15/IL15Rα. In someembodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of IL15, IL15Rα,and/or IL15/IL15Rα.

In some embodiments, any of the IL15, IL15Rα, and/or IL15/IL15Rαpolynucleotides described herein are inserted into any safe-harbor locusdescribed herein. In some embodiments, any of the IL15, IL15Rα, and/orIL15/IL15Rα polynucleotides described herein are inserted into any B2Mgene locus described herein.

SERPINB9 Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein comprisesan insertion of a polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9. SERPINB9, which isencoded by SERPINB9 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 5272), is a member of a largefamily of apoptosis inhibitors that mainly function by targetingintermediate proteases (e.g., covalently bind a protease in 1:1 complex,thereby inhibiting the protease). As such, expression of SERPINB9 mayincrease survival of the engineered cells. For example, iNK cellsengineered to express SERPINB9 can survive NK cell attack by inhibitingactivity of the released granzymes. In some embodiments, expression ofSERPINB9 is increased in cells. In some embodiments, an iPSC comprisesan insertion of a polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 (or a SERPINB9knock-in). In some embodiments, an NK cell comprises an insertion of apolynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 (or a SERPINB9 knock-in).

An example of a SERPINB9 cDNA sequence that may be used as providedherein to create a genomic knock-in of the SERPINB9 gene is SEQ ID NO:129. In some embodiments, the SERPINB9 polynucleotide has at least 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:129. In some embodiments, the SERPINB9 protein has the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 144.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of SERPINB9 protein. Forexample, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the engineeredcells of a population express a detectable level of SERPINB9 protein. Insome embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%, 50%-60%,60%-100%, 60%/6-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%,80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cells of a populationexpress a detectable level of SERPINB9 protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of SERPINB9. Insome embodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a populationof cells do not express a detectable level of SERPINB9. For example,less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of SERPINB9. Insome embodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells do not express a detectable level of SERPINB9.

In some embodiments, any of the SERPINB9 polynucleotides describedherein are inserted into any safe-harbor locus described herein. In someembodiments, any of the SERPINB9 polynucleotides described herein areinserted into any B2M gene locus described herein.

ADAM17 Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 17 (ADAM17) gene(NCBI Gene ID: 6868). ADAM17 cleaves TNF-α precursor. ADAM17 isresponsible for proteolytic cleavage of several surface proteins. Insome embodiments, the disrupted ADAM17 can increase ADCC killing bypreventing CD16 cleavage.

In some embodiments, any of the gene-editing methods described hereinare used to disrupt the ADAM17 gene. In some embodiments, an iPSCcomprises a disrupted ADAM17 gene. In some embodiments, an NK cellcomprises a disrupted ADAM17 gene.

In some embodiments, a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) containing anRNA-guided nuclease (e.g., a Cas nuclease, such as a Cas9 nuclease) anda gRNA targeting the ADAM17 gene (or any other gene of interest) aredelivered to any cell described herein (e.g., iPSC). A ribonucleoproteinparticle (RNP) is RNA-guided nuclease (e.g., Cas9)pre-complexed/complexed with a gRNA. In other embodiments, theRNA-guided nuclease and gRNA are delivered separately to cells.

Non-limiting examples of modified and unmodified ADAM17 gRNA sequencesthat may be used as provided herein to create a genomic disruption inthe ADAM17 gene include sequences corresponding to sequences of SEQ IDNOS: 1-10. In some embodiments, the ADAM17 gRNA targets a sequencecomprising any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-10.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the ADAM17 genomic region createIndels in the ADAM17 gene disrupting expression of the mRNA or protein.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of ADAM17protein. For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of theengineered cells of a population may not express a detectable level ofADAM17 surface protein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%,50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%,70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%/90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cellsof a population does not express a detectable level of ADAM17 protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of ADAM17 protein. Insome embodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a populationof cells express a detectable level of ADAM17 protein. For example, lessthan 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%,less than 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of a populationof cells express a detectable level of ADAM17 protein. In someembodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of ADAM17 protein.

CISH Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt a cytokine inducible SH2 containing protein (CISH, alsocalled CIS) gene (NCBI Gene ID: 1154). CISH is a transcriptionalco-activator that controls expression of HLA class II genes. In someembodiments, the disrupted CISH can increase iNK sensitivity tocytokines, improve iNK persistence, and/or increase tumor killing. Insome embodiments, an iPSC comprises a disrupted CISH gene. In someembodiments, an NK cell comprises a disrupted CISH gene.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the CISH genomic region createIndels in the CISH gene disrupting expression of the mRNA or protein. Insome embodiments, the gRNA targets a site within the CISH gene. In someembodiments, the CISH gRNA targets a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS:81-92. In some embodiments, a gRNA targeting the CISH gene comprises aspacer sequence corresponding to a sequence comprising any one of SEQ IDNOS: 81-92.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of CISH protein.For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the engineeredcells of a population may not express a detectable level of CISH surfaceprotein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%,50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%,70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%/90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cells of apopulation does not express a detectable level of CISH protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of CISH protein. In someembodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells express a detectable level of CISH protein. For example, less than50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, lessthan 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells express a detectable level of CISH surface protein. In someembodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of CISH protein.

REGNASE-1 Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt a REGNASE-1 gene encoding zinc finger CCCH-type containing12A (NCBI Gene ID: 80149). REGNASE-1 is an endoribonuclease involved inmRNA decay. In some embodiments, the disrupted REGNASE-1 can increaseiNK persistence and/or increase tumor killing. In some embodiments, aniPSC comprises a disrupted REGNASE-1 gene. In some embodiments, an NKcell comprises a disrupted REGNASE-1 gene.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the REGNASE-1 genomic region createIndels in the REGNASE-1 gene disrupting expression of the mRNA orprotein. In some embodiments, the gRNA targets a site within theREGNASE-1 gene. In some embodiments, the REGNASE-1 gRNA targets asequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 93-101. In some embodiments, a gRNAtargeting the REGNASE-1 gene comprises a spacer sequence correspondingto a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOS: 93-101.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of REGNASE-1protein. For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of theengineered cells of a population may not express a detectable level ofREGNASE-1 protein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%,50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%,70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cellsof a population does not express a detectable level of REGNASE-1protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of REGNASE-1 protein. Insome embodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a populationof cells express a detectable level of REGNASE-1 protein. For example,less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of REGNASE-1 protein. Insome embodiments, 40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%,30%-5%, 20%-10%, 20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of REGNASE-1 protein.

FAS Gene Edits

In some embodiments, the genome of any cell described herein is modifiedto disrupt a Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) gene (NCBI Gene ID:355). FAS is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily and contributes tothe regulation of programmed cell death. In some embodiments, thedisrupted FAS can reduce activation-induced cell death (AICD), resistapoptosis, and/or increase tumor killing. In some embodiments, an iPSCcomprises a disrupted FAS gene. In some embodiments, an NK cellcomprises a disrupted FAS gene.

In some embodiments, gRNAs targeting the FAS genomic region createIndels in the FAS gene disrupting expression of the mRNA or protein. Insome embodiments, the gRNA targets a site within the FAS gene. In someembodiments, the FAS gRNA targets a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 35,37, 38, 39, 53, 55, or 80. In some embodiments, a gRNA targeting the FASgene comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence comprisingany one of SEQ ID NOS: 35, 37, 38, 39, 53, 55, or 80.

In some embodiments, at least 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells does not express a detectable level of FAS protein.For example, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the engineeredcells of a population may not express a detectable level of FAS surfaceprotein. In some embodiments, 50%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%,50%-60%, 60%-100%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%,70%-80%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of the engineered cells of apopulation does not express a detectable level of FAS protein.

In some embodiments, less than 50% of the engineered cells of apopulation of cells express a detectable level of FAS protein. In someembodiments, less than 30% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells express a detectable level of FAS protein. For example, less than50%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, lessthan 10%, or less than 5% of the engineered cells of a population ofcells express a detectable level of FAS protein. In some embodiments,40%-30%, 40%-20%, 40%-10%, 40%-5%, 30%-20%, 30%-10%, 30%-5%, 20%-10%,20%-5%, or 10%-5% of the engineered cells of a population of cellsexpress a detectable level of FAS protein.

Edits to Knock-In Chimeric Antigen Receptors

A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) refers to an artificial immune cellreceptor that is engineered to recognize and bind to an antigenexpressed by tumor cells. CARs or nucleotides encoding a CAR can beinserted into any cells described herein. CARs are chimeras of asignaling domain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex and anantigen-recognizing domain (e.g., a single chain fragment (scFv) of anantibody or other antibody fragment) (Enblad et al., Human Gene Therapy.2015; 26(8):498-505). CARs have the ability to redirect cell specificityand reactivity toward a selected target in a non-MHC-restricted manner.The non-MHC-restricted antigen recognition gives cells expressing CARsthe ability to recognize an antigen independent of antigen processing,thus bypassing a major mechanism of tumor escape. CARs are oftenreferenced to by the antigen they bind. For example, a “CD30 CAR”, “CD19CAR”, a “CD70 CAR”, a “CD33 CAR” and a “BCMA CAR” are CARs comprisingantigen binding domains that specifically bind to CD30, CD19, CD70, CD33or BCMA, respectively. Accordingly, such terms are interchangeable withanti-CD30 CAR, anti-CD19 CAR, anti-CD70 CAR, anti-CD33 CAR and anti-BCMACAR. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that aCAR that specifically binds an antigen can be referred to with eitherterminology.

In some embodiments, any iPSC described herein expresses a CAR. In someembodiments, any NK cell described herein expresses a CAR. In someembodiments, any HSPC described herein expresses a CAR.

There are four generations of CARs, each of which contains differentcomponents. First generation CARs join an antibody-derived scFv to theCD3zeta ((or z) intracellular signaling domain of the T-cell receptorthrough hinge and transmembrane domains. Second generation CARsincorporate an additional domain, e.g., CD28, 4-1BB (41BB), or ICOS, tosupply a costimulatory signal. Third-generation CARs contain twocostimulatory domains fused with the TCR CD3ζ chain. Third-generationcostimulatory domains may include, e.g., a combination of CD3ζ, CD27,CD28, 4-1BB, ICOS, or OX40. Fourth-generation CARs include immunestimulatory cytokines to improve cell persistence and expansion.Cytokines for fourth-generation CARS include individually or incombination any of IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, or IL-23. CARs, in someembodiments, contain an ectodomain, commonly derived from a single chainvariable fragment (scFv), a hinge, a transmembrane domain, and anendodomain with one (first generation), two (second generation), orthree (third generation) signaling domains derived from CD3Z and/orco-stimulatory molecules (Maude et al., Blood. 2015; 125(26):4017-4023;Kakarla and Gottschalk, Cancer J. 2014; 20(2):151-155).

CARs typically differ in their functional properties. The CD3ζ signalingdomain of the T-cell receptor, when engaged, will activate and induceproliferation of T-cells but can lead to anergy (a lack of reaction bythe body's defense mechanisms, resulting in direct induction ofperipheral lymphocyte tolerance). Lymphocytes are considered anergicwhen they fail to respond to a specific antigen. The addition of acostimulatory domain in second-generation CARs improved replicativecapacity and persistence of modified T-cells. Similar antitumor effectsare observed in vitro with CD28 or 4-1BB CARs, but preclinical in vivostudies suggest that 4-1BB CARs may produce superior proliferationand/or persistence. Clinical trials suggest that both of thesesecond-generation CARs are capable of inducing substantial T-cellproliferation in vivo, but CARs containing the 4-1BB costimulatorydomain appear to persist longer. Third generation CARs combine multiplesignaling domains (costimulatory) to augment potency.

In some embodiments, a chimeric antigen receptor is a first-generationCAR. In other embodiments, a chimeric antigen receptor is asecond-generation CAR. In yet other embodiments, a chimeric antigenreceptor is a third-generation CAR. In some embodiments, a chimericantigen receptor is a fourth-generation CAR.

A CAR, in some embodiments, comprises an extracellular (ecto) domaincomprising an antigen binding domain (e.g., an antibody, such as anscFv), a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic (endo) domain.

Ectodomain of CARs

The ectodomain is the region of the CAR that is exposed to theextracellular fluid and, in some embodiments, includes an antigenbinding domain, and optionally a signal peptide, a spacer domain, and/ora hinge domain. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain is asingle-chain variable fragment (scFv) that includes the VL and VH ofimmunoglobulins connected with a short linker peptide. The linker, insome embodiments, includes hydrophilic residues with stretches ofglycine and serine for flexibility as well as stretches of glutamate andlysine for added solubility. A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) isnot actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion proteinof the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) ofimmunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about25 amino acids. The linker is usually rich in glycine for flexibility,as well as serine or threonine for solubility, and can either connectthe N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa.This protein retains the specificity of the original immunoglobulin,despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of thelinker. In some embodiments, the scFv of the present disclosure ishumanized. In other embodiments, the scFv is fully human. In yet otherembodiments, the scFv is a chimera (e.g., of mouse and human sequence).

In some embodiments, the scFv is an anti-BCMA scFv (binds specificallyto BCMA or B-cell maturation antigen). In some embodiments, the anti-BCAscFv comprises or consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71.In some embodiments, the anti-BCA scFv polynucleotide has at least 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:71. In some embodiments, the anti-BCMA CAR comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 74.

In some embodiments, the scFv is an anti-CD30 scFv (binds specificallyto CD30, also called TNF receptor superfamily member 8 or TNFRSF8). Insome embodiments, anti-CD30 scFv may comprise variable domains frommouse monoclonal AC10 (e.g., Brentuximab). In other embodiments,anti-CD30 scFv may comprise variable domains from human 5F11 antibody(U.S. Pat. No. 7,387,776). In some embodiments the scFV of a CD30 CARmay comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 111,or SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, the anti-CD30 CAR codingsequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 112, or SEQ ID NO: 116. Insome embodiments, the anti-CD30 CAR coding sequence polynucleotide hasat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity toSEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 112, or SEQ ID NO: 116. Non-limiting examplesof a CD30 CAR that may be used as provided herein may include the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 113, or SEQ ID NO: 117.

In some embodiments, the scFv is an anti-CD19 scFv (binds specificallyto CD19).

In some embodiments, the scFv is an anti-CD70 scFv (binds specificallyto CD70).

In some embodiments, the scFv is an anti-CD33 scFv (binds specificallyto CD33).

Other scFv proteins may be used.

The signal peptide can enhance the antigen specificity of CAR binding.Signal peptides can be derived from antibodies, such as, but not limitedto, CD8, as well as epitope tags such as, but not limited to, GST orFLAG. Examples of signal peptides include MLLLVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIP (SEQ IDNO: 68) and MALPVTALLLPLALLLHAARP (SEQ ID NO: 69). Other signal peptidesmay be used.

In some embodiments, a spacer domain or hinge domain is located betweenan extracellular domain (comprising the antigen binding domain) and atransmembrane domain of a CAR, or between a cytoplasmic domain and atransmembrane domain of the CAR. A spacer domain is any oligopeptide orpolypeptide that functions to link the transmembrane domain to theextracellular domain and/or the cytoplasmic domain in the polypeptidechain. A hinge domain is any oligopeptide or polypeptide that functionsto provide flexibility to the CAR, or domains thereof, or to preventsteric hindrance of the CAR, or domains thereof. In some embodiments, aspacer domain or a hinge domain may comprise up to 300 amino acids(e.g., 10 to 100 amino acids, or 5 to 20 amino acids). In someembodiments, one or more spacer domain(s) may be included in otherregions of a CAR. In some embodiments, the hinge domain is a CD8 hingedomain. Other hinge domains may be used.

Transmembrane Domain of CARs

The transmembrane domain is a hydrophobic alpha helix that spans themembrane. The transmembrane domain provides stability of the CAR. Insome embodiments, the transmembrane domain of a CAR as provided hereinis a CD8 transmembrane domain. In other embodiments, the transmembranedomain is a CD28 transmembrane domain. In yet other embodiments, thetransmembrane domain is a chimera of a CD8 and CD28 transmembranedomain. Other transmembrane domains may be used as provided herein. Insome embodiments, the CD8a transmembrane domain is the nucleotide of SEQID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is a CD8atransmembrane domain:FVPVFLPAKPTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACRPAAGGAVHTRGLDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHRNR (SEQ ID NO: 72). In some embodiments, thetransmembrane domain is a CD8a transmembrane domain comprising the aminoacid sequence: IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLY (SEQ ID NO: 73). In someembodiments, the transmembrane domain is a CD8 transmembrane domaincomprising the amino acid sequenceSAAAFVPVFLPAKPTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACRPAAGGAVHTRGLDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHRNR (SEQ ID NO: 122). Other transmembranedomains may be used.

In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is selected fromtransmembrane domains of: NKG2D, FcYRIIIa, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, actKIR,NKG2C, CD8a, and IL15Rb. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domainis an NKG2D transmembrane domain.

Endodomain of CARs

The endodomain is the functional end of the receptor. Following antigenrecognition, receptors cluster and a signal is transmitted to the cell.The most commonly used endodomain component is CD3-zeta, which containsthree (3) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)s. Thistransmits an activation signal to the T cell after the antigen is bound.In many cases, CD3-zeta may not provide a fully competent activationsignal and, thus, a co-stimulatory signaling is used. For example, CD28and/or 4-1BB may be used with CD3-zeta (CD3ζ) to transmit aproliferative/survival signal. Thus, in some embodiments, theco-stimulatory molecule of a CAR as provided herein is a CD28co-stimulatory molecule. In other embodiments, the co-stimulatorymolecule is a 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, a CARincludes CD3-zeta and CD28. In other embodiments, a CAR includesCD3-zeta and 4-1BB. In still other embodiments, a CAR includes CD3ζ,CD28, and 4-1BB. Table A provides examples of signaling domains derivedfrom CD28, 4-1BB, and CD3-zeta that may be used herein.

TABLE A SEQ ID Name Sequence NO: CD28SKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPYAPPRDFAAY 123 RS 4-1BBKRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEGG 124 CEL CD3-RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLDK 125 zetaRRGRDPEMGGKPRRKNPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLYQGLSTATKDTYDALHMQALPP R

In some embodiments, any of the CARs described herein have one, two ormore intracellular signaling domains from, e.g., CD137/41 BB, DNAM-1,NKrdO, 2B4, NTBA, CRACC, CD2, CD27, one or more integrins (e.g., ITGB1,ITGB2, or ITGB3), IL-15R, IL-18R, IL-12R, IL-21 R, or IRE1a (e.g., anycombination of signaling domains from two or more of these molecules).

Natural Killer cells express a number of transmembrane adaptersproviding them with signal enhancement. In some embodiments, theintracellular signaling domain of any CAR described herein comprises atransmembrane adapter. In some embodiments, the transmembrane adapter isa transmembrane adaptor from one or more of: FceR1 y, CD3ζ, DAP12, andDAP10.

In some embodiments, any CARs described herein have one of moreco-stimulatory domains. In some embodiments, a 2B4 co-stimulatory domainis used. In some embodiments, a CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain isused. In some embodiments, a DAP10 or DAP12 co-stimulatory domains areused with a CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, aDAP10 co-stimulatory signaling domain is used with an NKG2Dtransmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain isfrom NKG2D, and the endodomain is from DAP10 and CD3ζ (e.g., asdescribed in Chang Y H et al. Caner Res. 2013. 73(6):1777-86). In someembodiments, the CAR comprises an NKG2D transmembrane domain fused to4-1BB and DAP10 signaling and/or co-stimulatory domains (e.g., asdescribed in Guo C. et al. Mol Immunol. 2019. 114:108-113). In someembodiments, the CAR comprises a co-stimulatory domain from 2B4. In someembodiments, the CAR comprises a CD8 transmembrane domain and 4-1BB-CD3ζsignaling domains (e.g., as in a construct as described by Imai C, etal. Blood. 2005, 106(1). 376-383).

In some embodiments, the CAR has a CD8 transmembrane domain, a 4-1BBintracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some embodiments,the CAR has a CD28 transmembrane domain, a CD28 intracellular domain,and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR has a DAP12transmembrane and intracellular domains. In some embodiments, the CARhas a 2B4 transmembrane and intracellular domains and a CD3ζ signalingdomain. In some embodiments, the CAR has a CD8 transmembrane domain, a2B4 intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In someembodiments, the CAR has a CD28 transmembrane and intracellular domains,a 4-1BB intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In someembodiments, the CAR has a CD16 transmembrane domain, a 2B4intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some embodiments,the CAR has a NKp44 transmembrane domain, a DAP10 intracellular domain,and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR has a NKp46transmembrane domain, a2B4 intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signalingdomain. In some embodiments, the CAR has a NKG2D transmembrane domain, a4-1BB intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In someembodiments, the CAR has a NKG2D transmembrane domain, a 4-1BBintracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some embodiments,the CAR has an NKG2D transmembrane domain, a DAP12 intracellular domain,a 2B4 intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signaling domain. In someembodiments, the CAR has an NKG2D transmembrane domain, a DAP10intracellular domain, a 2B4 intracellular domain, and a CD3ζ signalingdomain. In some embodiments, the CAR has an NKG2D transmembrane domain,a 4-1BB intracellular domain, a 2B4 intracellular domain, and a CD3ζsignaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR has an NKG2Dtransmembrane domain and a CD3ζ signaling domain.

Multi-Gene Editing

In some embodiments, the engineered cells of the present disclosureinclude more than one gene edit, for example, in more than one gene. Insome embodiments, two, three, four, five, six or more genes are edited.In some embodiments, the gene-edit is an insertion (KI). In someembodiments, the gene-edit is a disruption (KO). In some embodiments,the combination of two or more gene edits described herein is acombination of insertions (KI) and disruptions (KO). In someembodiments, the gene-edits are any combination of one, two, three,four, five, six or more of the gene-edits selected from: B2M KO, IL15KI, IL15Rα KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI, HLA-E KI, SERPINB9 KI, CIITA KO, ADAM17KO, BCMA CAR KI, CD30 CAR KI, CISH KO, REGNASE-1 KO, FAS KO, TIGIT KO,PD-1 KO, NKG2A KO, CD70 KO, ALK4 type I activin receptor KO (e.g., aconditional KO), CD16 KI, CD70 CAR KI, CD19 CAR KI, CD33 CAR KI, NKGD2CAR KI, a CAR or receptor comprising NKG2D ectodomain KI, NKp30 CAR KI,CD73 CAR KI, GPR87 CAR KI, and SLC7A11(xCT) CAR KI. In some embodiments,the editing of two or more genes is simultaneous, such as in the samemethod step. For example, an engineered cell may comprise a disruptedCIITA gene, a disrupted B2M gene, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, any iPSC cell described herein has a disrupted CIITA geneand a disrupted B2M gene. In some embodiments, any engineered NK celldescribed herein comprises a disrupted CIITA gene and a disrupted B2Mgene.

In some embodiments, any of the inserted polynucleotides describedherein are linked to a promoter. In some embodiments, any of theinserted polynucleotides described herein are linked to an exogenouspromoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is selected from but notlimited to CAG promoter (also known as CBA promoter or CAGGS promoter),CMV promoter (derived from cytomegalovirus), EF-1 alpha promoter(derived from alpha subunit of EF-1 gene), PGK promoter (derived fromphosphoglycerate kinase gene), UBC promoter (derived from ubiquitin Cgene), or other constitutive, inducible, temporal-, tissue-, or celltype-specific promoter.

In some embodiments, the genome-engineered cells comprise introduced orincreased expression in at least one of HLA-E, IL15/IL15Rα, a CAR, andSERPINB9. In some embodiments, any genome-engineered cell is HLA class Iand/or class II deficient. In some embodiments, the genome-engineeredcells comprise integrated or non-integrated exogenous polynucleotideencoding one or more of HLA-E, IL15/IL15Rα, a CAR, and SERPINB9proteins. In some embodiments, said introduced expression is anincreased expression from either non-expressed or lowly expressed genescomprised in said cells. In some embodiments, the non-integratedexogenous polynucleotides are introduced using Sendai virus, AAV,episomal, or plasmid. In some embodiments, the cells are B2M null, withintroduced expression of HLA-E. In some embodiments, the cells areHLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C null, with introduced expression of HLA-E. Insome embodiments, the cells are B2M null, with introduced expression ofone or more of HLA-E, IL15/IL15Rα, and SERPINB9. Methods of generatingany of the genetically modified cells described herein are contemplatedto be performed using but not limited to, any of the gene editingmethods described herein.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding HLA-E is inserted at asite within or near a B2M gene locus in any cell described herein. Insome embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding HLA-E is inserted at a sitewithin or near a B2M gene locus concurrent with or following a deletionof all or part of a B2M gene or promoter. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide encoding HLA-E is operably linked to an exogenouspromoter. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding HLA-E isoperably linked to the CAGGS promoter. In some embodiments, any celldescribed herein is gene edited to express a polynucleotide encodingHLA-E operably linked to the CAGGS promoter.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα fusionprotein is inserted at a site within or near a B2M gene locus in anycell described herein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encodingIL15/IL15Rα fusion protein is inserted at a site within or near a B2Mgene locus concurrent with or following a deletion of all or part of aB2M gene or promoter. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodingIL15/IL15Rα fusion protein is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα fusionprotein is operably linked to the CAGGS promoter. In some embodiments,any cell described herein is gene edited to express a polynucleotideencoding IL15/IL15Rα fusion protein operably linked to the CAGGSpromoter.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 is inserted at asite within or near a B2M gene locus in any cell described herein. Insome embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 is inserted at asite within or near a B2M gene locus concurrent with or following adeletion of all or part of a B2M gene or promoter. In some embodiments,the polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 is operably linked to an exogenouspromoter. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9 isoperably linked to the CAGGS promoter. In some embodiments, any celldescribed herein is gene edited to express a polynucleotide encodingSERPINB9 operably linked to the CAGGS promoter.

In some embodiments, the edited cells described herein express at leastone chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In some embodiments, the CAR isinserted at a specific gene locus. In some embodiments, the CAR isinserted at a specific locus to simultaneously disrupt expression of atarget gene.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding any CAR described hereinis inserted within or near a CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide encoding any CAR described herein is inserted within ornear a CIITA gene locus concurrent with or following a deletion ofCIITA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a BCMA-CAR isinserted within the CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 66 encoding a BCMA-CAR is inserted at asite within or near a CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide encoding BCMA-CAR is inserted at a site within or near aCIITA gene locus concurrent with or following a deletion of a CIITA geneor promoter. In some embodiments, the BCMA CAR is inserted into theCIITA gene locus wherein 86 base pairs (bp) of CIITA exon 2 are removedafter homology directed repair. In some embodiments, the BCMA CAR isinserted in the CIITA gene locus using into a donor plasmid. In someembodiments, a BCMA CAR donor plasmid is electroporated into any celldescribed herein along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made ofup of any CIITA targeting gRNA and Cas9 protein. In some embodiments,the BCMA-CAR inserted into the CIITA gene locus is driven by anypromoter described herein. In some embodiments, the BCMA-CAR insertedinto the CIITA gene locus is driven by the CAG promoter. In someembodiments, any cell described herein is gene-edited to express aBCMA-CAR within the CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, an iPSC isgene-edited to express a BCMA-CAR within the CIITA gene locus.

In some embodiments, the BCMA-CAR donor plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 66) iselectroporated into any cell described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of any CIITA targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17) and Cas9protein to yield a CIITA null, BCMA-CAR expressing cell. In someembodiments, the BCMA CAR donor plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 66) iselectroporated into any iPSC described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of CIITA targeting gRNA (SEQID NO: 13) and Cas9 protein to yield a CIITA null, BCMA-CAR KIexpressing cell.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a CD30-CAR is insertedwithin the CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide ofSEQ ID NO: 108, 112, or 116 encoding a CD30 CAR is inserted at a sitewithin or near a CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 119, 120, or 121 encoding a CD30CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted at a site within or near a CIITA genelocus. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding CD30 CAR or CD30CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted at a site within or near a CIITA genelocus concurrent with or following a deletion of a CIITA gene orpromoter. In some embodiments, the CD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimeris inserted into the CIITA gene locus wherein 86 base pairs (bp) ofCIITA exon 2 are removed after homology directed repair. In someembodiments, the CD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted intoin the CIITA gene locus using a donor plasmid. In some embodiments, aCD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid is electroporatedinto any cell described herein along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)complex made of up of any CIITA targeting gRNA and Cas9 protein. In someembodiments, the CD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer inserted into theCIITA gene locus is driven by any promoter described herein. In someembodiments, the CD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer inserted into theCIITA gene locus is driven by the CAG promoter. In some embodiments, anycell described herein is gene-edited to express a CD30 CAR or CD30CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer within the CIITA gene locus. In some embodiments,an iPSC is gene-edited to express a CD30 CAR or CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-Etrimer within the CIITA gene locus.

In some embodiments, the CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 110, 114, or 118) is electroporated into any cell described hereinalong with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of any CIITAtargeting gRNA (corresponding to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:13-17) and Cas9 protein to yield a CIITA null, CD30 CAR, HLA-Eexpressing cell. In some embodiments, the CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimerdonor plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 110, 114, or 118) is electroporated into anyiPSC described herein along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexmade of up of CIITA targeting gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 13) and Cas9 protein toyield a CIITA null, CD30 CAR, HLA-E expressing cell.

In some embodiments, a cell described herein has an insertion of apolynucleotide encoding any one or more of IL15/IL15Rα, P2A, HLA-Etrimer, and SERPINB9. In some embodiments, any cell described herein hasan insertion of a polynucleotide encoding any one or more ofIL15/IL15Rα, P2A, HLA-E trimer, and SERPINB9 into the B2M gene locus. Insome embodiments, any cell described herein has insertion of apolynucleotide encoding IL15/IL15Rα fusion protein. In some embodiments,the IL15/IL15Rα fusion protein is designed as previously described inHurton et al. (2016) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 113(48):E7788-E7797. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610544113, or which is incorporated herein in itsentirety.

In some embodiments, a cell described herein has insertion of apolynucleotide encoding an IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In someembodiments, a cell described herein has insertion of a polynucleotideencoding an IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer encoded by SEQ ID NO: 77. Insome embodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotide encodingIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer into the B2M gene locus. In someembodiments, the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer coding sequence is drivenby any promoter described herein. In some embodiments, theIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer coding sequence is driven by a CAGGSpromoter. In some embodiments, a donor plasmid comprisingIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence driven by a CAGGS promotercomprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. In some embodiments,any cell described herein is gene-edited to express anIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments, an iPSC isgene-edited to express an IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In someembodiments, a NK cell is gene-edited to express anIL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer.

In some embodiments, the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQID NO: 67) is electroporated into any cell described herein along withthe ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs:34, 78, or 79) and Cas9protein to yield a B2M null, IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressingcell. In some embodiments, the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid(SEQ ID NO: 67) is electroporated into any iPSC described herein alongwith the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targetinggRNA (SEQ ID NO: 34) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null,IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressing cell.

In some embodiments, a cell described herein has insertion of apolynucleotide encoding SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments,a cell described herein has insertion of a polynucleotide encoding aSERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer, wherein the polynucleotide comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 131. In some embodiments, a cell has insertion ofa polynucleotide encoding SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer into the B2M genelocus. In some embodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence isdriven by any promoter described herein. In some embodiments, theSERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence is driven by a CAGGS promoter. Insome embodiments, a plasmid comprising the polynucleotide encodingSERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer driven by a CAGGS promoter comprises SEQ IDNO: 130. In some embodiments, any cell described herein is gene-editedto express a SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments, an iPSC isgene-edited to express a SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer. In some embodiments,a NK cell is gene-edited to express a SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer.

In some embodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 130) is electroporated into any cell described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs:34, 78, or 79) and Cas9protein to yield a B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressing cell.In some embodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 130 is electroporated into any iPSC described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA (SEQ IDNO: 34) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimerexpressing cell.

In some embodiments, a cell described herein has insertion of apolynucleotide encoding SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα. In some embodiments, acell described herein has insertion of a polynucleotide encodingSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα, wherein the coding sequence comprises SEQ IDNO: 137. In some embodiments, a cell has insertion of a polynucleotideencoding SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα into the B2M gene locus. In someembodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα sequence is driven by anypromoter described herein. In some embodiments, theSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα sequence is driven by a CAGGS promoter. In someembodiments, a plasmid comprising the polynucleotide encodingSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα driven by a CAGGS promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:148. In some embodiments, any cell described herein is gene-edited toexpress SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα. In some embodiments, an iPSC isgene-edited to express SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα. In some embodiments, aNK cell is gene-edited to express SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα.

In some embodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 148) is electroporated into any cell described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs:34, 78, or 79) and Cas9protein to yield a B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα expressing cell.In some embodiments, the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 148 is electroporated into any iPSC described herein along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA (SEQ IDNO: 34) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rαexpressing cell.

In some embodiments, any B2M null, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI celldescribed herein is electroporated with BCMA-CAR donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 66) along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up ofCIITA targeting gRNA (corresponding to a sequence of any one of SEQ IDNOs: 13-17) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null, IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-Etrimer KI, BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null expressing cell. In some embodiments,any B2M null, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI iPSC described herein iselectroporated with BCMA-CAR donor plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 66) along withthe ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of CIITA targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17) and Cas9protein to yield a B2M null, IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressing,CIITA null BCMA-CAR expressing iPSC. The engineered iPSC may then bedifferentiated into an NK cell.

In some embodiments, any CIITA null, BCMA-CAR KI cell described hereinis electroporated with IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 67) along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2Mtargeting gRNA (corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34) and Cas9protein to yield a B2M null, IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA-CARKI, CIITA null expressing cell. In some embodiments, any CIITA null,BCMA-CAR KI iPSC described herein is electroporated withIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 67) along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made of up of B2M targeting gRNA(corresponding to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34) and Cas9 protein to yielda B2M null, IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressing, CIITA null,BCMA-CAR expressing iPSC. The engineered iPSC may then be differentiatedinto an NK cell.

In some embodiments, any B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI celldescribed herein is electroporated with a CAR-P2A-HLA-E donor plasmid(SEQ ID NOS: 110, 114, 118) along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)complex made of up of CIITA targeting gRNA (corresponding to a sequenceof any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null,SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a expressing, CIITA null, CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-Etrimer expressing cell.

In some embodiments, any CIITA null, CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI celldescribed herein is electroporated with a SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a donorplasmid (SEQ ID NO: 148) along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexmade of up of B2M targeting gRNA (corresponding to a sequence of SEQ IDNO: 34) and Cas9 protein to yield a B2M null, CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimerexpressing, CIITA null, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a expressing cell.

In some embodiments, any B2M null, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a expressing,CIITA null, CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer expressing cell further comprises FASKO and CISH KO.

In some embodiments, any cell described herein has disruption of theADAM17 gene.

In some embodiments, any B2M null, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI,BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null cell described herein is gene-edited to disruptADAM17. In some embodiments, a B2M null, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI,BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null iPSC is gene-edited to disrupt ADAM17. In someembodiments ADAM17 is knocked-out using an RNP with a gRNA correspondingto a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3,SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8,SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, ADAM17 isknocked-out using an RNP with the gRNA corresponding to a sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, an iPSC described herein is a B2Mnull, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null, ADAM17null. In some embodiments, a NK cell described herein is B2M null,IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null, ADAM17 null. Insome embodiments, the cell further comprises FAS KO, CISH KO, and/orREGNASE-I KO.

In some embodiments, a B2M null, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI,BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null iPSC is gene-edited to disrupt ADAM17 and thendifferentiated into an NK cell. In some embodiments, a B2M null,IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA-CAR KI, CIITA null iPSC isgene-edited to disrupt ADAM17, FAS, CISH, REGNASE-1 and thendifferentiated into an NK cell.

Genome Editing Methods

Genome editing generally refers to the process of modifying thenucleotide sequence of a genome, preferably in a precise orpre-determined manner. In some embodiments, genome editing methods asdescribed herein, e.g., the CRISPR-endonuclease system, are used togenetically modify a cell as described herein, e.g., to create agene-edited iPSC cell. In some embodiments, genome editing methods asdescribed herein, e.g., the CRISPR-endonuclease system, are used togenetically modify a cell as described herein, e.g., to introduce atleast one genetic modification within or near at least one gene thatincreases the expression of one or more MHC-I and/or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigens or other components of the MHC-I or MHC-II complexrelative to an unmodified cell; to introduce at least one geneticmodification that increases the expression of at least onepolynucleotide that encodes a tolerogenic factor relative to anunmodified cell; and/or introduce at least one genetic modification thatincreases or decreases the expression of at least one gene that encodesa targeting factor that improves immunogenicity.

Examples of methods of genome editing described herein include methodsof using site-directed nucleases to cut deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) atprecise target locations in the genome, thereby creating single-strandor double-strand DNA breaks at particular locations within the genome.Such breaks can be and regularly are repaired by natural, endogenouscellular processes, such as homology-directed repair (HDR) andnon-homologous end joining (NHEJ), as described in Cox et al.,“Therapeutic genome editing: prospects and challenges,”, NatureMedicine, 2015, 21(2), 121-31. These two main DNA repair processesconsist of a family of alternative pathways. NHEJ directly joins the DNAends resulting from a double-strand break, sometimes with the loss oraddition of nucleotide sequence, which may disrupt or enhance geneexpression. HDR utilizes a homologous sequence, or donor sequence, as atemplate for inserting a defined DNA sequence at the break point. Thehomologous sequence can be in the endogenous genome, such as a sisterchromatid. Alternatively, the donor sequence can be an exogenouspolynucleotide, such as a plasmid, a single-strand oligonucleotide, adouble-stranded oligonucleotide, a duplex oligonucleotide or a virus,that has regions (e.g., left and right homology arms) of high homologywith the nuclease-cleaved locus, but which can also contain additionalsequence or sequence changes including deletions that can beincorporated into the cleaved target locus. A third repair mechanism canbe microhomology-mediated end joining (MMFJ), also referred to as“Alternative NHEJ,” in which the genetic outcome is similar to NHEJ inthat small deletions and insertions can occur at the cleavage site. MMFJcan make use of homologous sequences of a few base pairs flanking theDNA break site to drive a more favored DNA end joining repair outcome,and recent reports have further elucidated the molecular mechanism ofthis process; see, e.g., Cho and Greenberg, Nature, 2015, 518, 174-76;Kent et al., Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, 2015, 22(3):230-7;Mateos-Gomez et al., Nature, 2015, 518, 254-57; Ceccaldi et al., Nature,2015, 528, 258-62. In some instances, it may be possible to predictlikely repair outcomes based on analysis of potential microhomologies atthe site of the DNA break.

Each of these genome editing mechanisms can be used to create desiredgenetic modifications. A step in the genome editing process can be tocreate one or two DNA breaks, the latter as double-strand breaks or astwo single-stranded breaks, in the target locus as near the site ofintended mutation. This can be achieved via the use of endonucleases, asdescribed and illustrated herein.

In general, the genome editing methods described herein can be in vitroor ex vivo methods. In some embodiments, the genome editing methodsdisclosed herein are not methods for treatment of the human or animalbody by therapy and/or are not processes for modifying the germ linegenetic identity of human beings.

CRISPR Endonuclease System

The CRISPR-endonuclease system is a naturally occurring defensemechanism in prokaryotes that has been repurposed as an RNA-guidedDNA-targeting platform used for gene editing. CRISPR systems includeTypes I, II, III, IV, V, and VI systems. In some aspects, the CRISPRsystem is a Type II CRISPR/Cas9 system. In other aspects, the CRISPRsystem is a Type V CRISPR/Cprf system. CRISPR systems rely on a DNAendonuclease, e.g., Cas9, and two noncoding RNAs—crisprRNA (crRNA) andtrans-activating RNA (tracrRNA)—to target the cleavage of DNA.

The crRNA drives sequence recognition and specificity of theCRISPR-endonuclease complex through Watson-Crick base pairing, typicallywith a ˜20 nucleotide (nt) sequence in the target DNA. Changing thesequence of the 5′ 20 nt in the crRNA allows targeting of theCRISPR-endonuclease complex to specific loci. The CRISPR-endonucleasecomplex only binds DNA sequences that contain a sequence match to thefirst 20 nt of the single-guide RNA (sgRNA) if the target sequence isfollowed by a specific short DNA motif (with the sequence NGG) referredto as a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).

TracrRNA hybridizes with the 3′ end of crRNA to form an RNA-duplexstructure that is bound by the endonuclease to form the catalyticallyactive CRISPR-endonuclease complex, which can then cleave the targetDNA.

Once the CRISPR-endonuclease complex is bound to DNA at a target site,two independent nuclease domains within the endonuclease each cleave oneof the DNA strands three bases upstream of the PAM site, leaving adouble-strand break (DSB) where both strands of the DNA terminate in abase pair (a blunt end).

In some embodiments, the endonuclease is a Cas9 (CRISPR associatedprotein 9). In some embodiments, the Cas9 endonuclease is fromStreptococcus pyogenes, although other Cas9 homologs may be used, e.g.,S. aureus Cas9, N. meningitidis Cas9, S. thermophilus CRISPR 1 Cas9, S.thermophilus CRISPR 3 Cas9, or T. denticola Cas9. In some embodiments,the CRISPR endonuclease is Cpf1, e.g., L. bacterium ND2006 Cpf1 orAcidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 Cpf1. In some embodiments, the endonuclease isCas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also knownas Csn1 and Csx12), Cas100, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2,Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6,Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15,Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, or Cpf1 endonuclease. In some embodiments,wild-type variants may be used. In some embodiments, modified versions(e.g., a homolog thereof, a recombination of the naturally occurringmolecule thereof, codon-optimized thereof, or modified versions thereof)of the preceding endonucleases may be used.

The CRISPR nuclease can be linked to at least one nuclear localizationsignal (NLS). The at least one NLS can be located at or within 50 aminoacids of the amino-terminus of the CRISPR nuclease and/or at least oneNLS can be located at or within 50 amino acids of the carboxy-terminusof the CRISPR nuclease.

Exemplary CRISPR/Cas polypeptides include the Cas9 polypeptides aspublished in Fonfara et al., “Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functionalexchangeability of dual-RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type IICRISPR-Cas systems,” Nucleic Acids Research, 2014, 42: 2577-2590. TheCRISPR/Cas gene naming system has undergone extensive rewriting sincethe Cas genes were discovered. Fonfara et al. also provides PAMsequences for the Cas9 polypeptides from various species.

Zinc Finger Nucleases

Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are modular proteins comprised of anengineered zinc finger DNA binding domain linked to the catalytic domainof the type II endonuclease FokI. Because FokI functions only as adimer, a pair of ZFNs must be engineered to bind to cognate target“half-site” sequences on opposite DNA strands and with precise spacingbetween them to enable the catalytically active FokI dimer to form. Upondimerization of the FokI domain, which itself has no sequencespecificity per se, a DNA double-strand break is generated between theZFN half-sites as the initiating step in genome editing.

The DNA binding domain of each ZFN is typically comprised of 3-6 zincfingers of the abundant Cys2-His2 architecture, with each fingerprimarily recognizing a triplet of nucleotides on one strand of thetarget DNA sequence, although cross-strand interaction with a fourthnucleotide also can be important. Alteration of the amino acids of afinger in positions that make key contacts with the DNA alters thesequence specificity of a given finger. Thus, a four-finger zinc fingerprotein will selectively recognize a 12 bp target sequence, where thetarget sequence is a composite of the triplet preferences contributed byeach finger, although triplet preference can be influenced to varyingdegrees by neighboring fingers. An important aspect of ZFNs is that theycan be readily re-targeted to almost any genomic address simply bymodifying individual fingers. In most applications of ZFNs, proteins of4-6 fingers are used, recognizing 12-18 bp respectively. Hence, a pairof ZFNs will typically recognize a combined target sequence of 24-36 bp,not including the typical 5-7 bp spacer between half-sites. The bindingsites can be separated further with larger spacers, including 15-17 bp.A target sequence of this length is likely to be unique in the humangenome, assuming repetitive sequences or gene homologs are excludedduring the design process. Nevertheless, the ZFN protein-DNAinteractions are not absolute in their specificity so off-target bindingand cleavage events do occur, either as a heterodimer between the twoZFNs, or as a homodimer of one or the other of the ZFNs. The latterpossibility has been effectively eliminated by engineering thedimerization interface of the FokI domain to create “plus” and “minus”variants, also known as obligate heterodimer variants, which can onlydimerize with each other, and not with themselves. Forcing the obligateheterodimer prevents formation of the homodimer. This has greatlyenhanced specificity of ZFNs, as well as any other nuclease that adoptsthese FokI variants.

A variety of ZFN-based systems have been described in the art,modifications thereof are regularly reported, and numerous referencesdescribe rules and parameters that are used to guide the design of ZFNs;see, e.g., Segal et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1999 96(6):2758-63; DreierB et al., J Mol Biol., 2000, 303(4):489-502; Liu Q et al., J Biol Chem.,2002, 277(6):3850-6; Dreier et al., J Biol Chem., 2005,280(42):35588-97; and Dreier et al., J Biol Chem. 2001,276(31):29466-78.

Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)

TALENs represent another format of modular nucleases whereby, as withZFNs, an engineered DNA binding domain is linked to the FokI nucleasedomain, and a pair of TALENs operate in tandem to achieve targeted DNAcleavage. The major difference from ZFNs is the nature of the DNAbinding domain and the associated target DNA sequence recognitionproperties. The TALEN DNA binding domain derives from TALE proteins,which were originally described in the plant bacterial pathogenXanthomonas sp. TALEs are comprised of tandem arrays of 33-35 amino acidrepeats, with each repeat recognizing a single base pair in the targetDNA sequence that is typically up to 20 bp in length, giving a totaltarget sequence length of up to 40 bp. Nucleotide specificity of eachrepeat is determined by the repeat variable diresidue (RVD), whichincludes just two amino acids at positions 12 and 13. The bases guanine,adenine, cytosine and thymine are predominantly recognized by the fourRVDs: Asn-Asn, Asn-Ile, His-Asp and Asn-Gly, respectively. Thisconstitutes a much simpler recognition code than for zinc fingers, andthus represents an advantage over the latter for nuclease design.Nevertheless, as with ZFNs, the protein-DNA interactions of TALENs arenot absolute in their specificity, and TALENs have also benefitted fromthe use of obligate heterodimer variants of the FokI domain to reduceoff-target activity.

Additional variants of the FokI domain have been created that aredeactivated in their catalytic function. If one half of either a TALENor a ZFN pair contains an inactive FokI domain, then only single-strandDNA cleavage (nicking) will occur at the target site, rather than a DSB.The outcome is comparable to the use of CRISPR/Cas9 or CRISPR/Cpf1“nickase” mutants in which one of the Cas9 cleavage domains has beendeactivated. DNA nicks can be used to drive genome editing by HDR, butat lower efficiency than with a DSB. The main benefit is that off-targetnicks are quickly and accurately repaired, unlike the DSB, which isprone to NHEJ-mediated mis-repair.

A variety of TALEN-based systems have been described in the art, andmodifications thereof are regularly reported; see, e.g., Boch, Science,2009 326(5959):1509-12; Mak et al., Science, 2012, 335(6069):716-9; andMoscou et al., Science, 2009, 326(5959):1501. The use of TALENs based onthe “Golden Gate” platform, or cloning scheme, has been described bymultiple groups; see, e.g., Cermak et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2011,39(12):e82; Li et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2011, 39(14):6315-25; Weberet al., PLoS One, 2011, 6(2):e16765; Wang et al., J Genet Genomics,2014, 41(6):339-47; and Cermak T et al., Methods Mol Biol., 20151239:133-59.

Homing Endonucleases

Homing endonucleases (HEs) are sequence-specific endonucleases that havelong recognition sequences (14-44 base pairs) and cleave DNA with highspecificity—often at sites unique in the genome. There are at least sixknown families of HEs as classified by their structure, includingGIY-YIG, His-Cis box, H-N-H, PD−(D/E)×K, and Vsr-like that are derivedfrom a broad range of hosts, including eukarya, protists, bacteria,archaea, cyanobacteria and phage. As with ZFNs and TALENs, HEs can beused to create a DSB at a target locus as the initial step in genomeediting. In addition, some natural and engineered HEs cut only a singlestrand of DNA, thereby functioning as site-specific nickases. The largetarget sequence of HEs and the specificity that they offer have madethem attractive candidates to create site-specific DSBs.

A variety of HE-based systems have been described in the art, andmodifications thereof are regularly reported; see, e.g., the reviews bySteentoft et al., Glycobiology, 2014, 24(8):663-80; Belfort andBonocora, Methods Mol Biol., 2014, 1123:1-26; and Hafez and Hausner,Genome, 2012, 55(8):553-69.

MegaTAL/Tev-mTALEN/MegaTev

As further examples of hybrid nucleases, the MegaTAL platform andTev-mTALEN platform use a fusion of TALE DNA binding domains andcatalytically active HEs, taking advantage of both the tunable DNAbinding and specificity of the TALE, as well as the cleavage sequencespecificity of the HE; see, e.g., Boissel et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,2014, 42: 2591-2601; Kleinstiver et al., G3, 2014, 4:1155-65; andBoissel and Scharenberg, Methods Mol. Biol., 2015, 1239: 171-96.

In a further variation, the MegaTev architecture is the fusion of ameganuclease (Mega) with the nuclease domain derived from the GIY-YIGhoming endonuclease I-TevI (Tev). The two active sites are positioned˜30 bp apart on a DNA substrate and generate two DSBs withnon-compatible cohesive ends; see, e.g., Wolfs et al., Nucleic AcidsRes., 2014, 42, 8816-29. It is anticipated that other combinations ofexisting nuclease-based approaches will evolve and be useful inachieving the targeted genome modifications described herein.

dCas9-FokI or dCpf1-Fok1 and Other Nucleases

Combining the structural and functional properties of the nucleaseplatforms described above offers a further approach to genome editingthat can potentially overcome some of the inherent deficiencies. As anexample, the CRISPR genome editing system typically uses a single Cas9endonuclease to create a DSB. The specificity of targeting is driven bya 20 or 24 nucleotide sequence in the guide RNA that undergoesWatson-Crick base-pairing with the target DNA (plus an additional 2bases in the adjacent NAG or NGG PAM sequence in the case of Cas9 fromS. pyogenes). Such a sequence is long enough to be unique in the humangenome, however, the specificity of the RNA/DNA interaction is notabsolute, with significant promiscuity sometimes tolerated, particularlyin the 5′ half of the target sequence, effectively reducing the numberof bases that drive specificity. One solution to this has been tocompletely deactivate the Cas9 or Cpf1 catalytic function—retaining onlythe RNA-guided DNA binding function—and instead fusing a FokI domain tothe deactivated Cas9; see, e.g., Tsai et al., Nature Biotech, 2014, 32:569-76; and Guilinger et al., Nature Biotech., 2014, 32: 577-82. BecauseFokI must dimerize to become catalytically active, two guide RNAs arerequired to tether two FokI fusions in close proximity to form the dimerand cleave DNA. This essentially doubles the number of bases in thecombined target sites, thereby increasing the stringency of targeting byCRISPR-based systems.

As further example, fusion of the TALE DNA binding domain to acatalytically active HE, such as I-TevI, takes advantage of both thetunable DNA binding and specificity of the TALE, as well as the cleavagesequence specificity of I-TevI, with the expectation that off-targetcleavage can be further reduced.

Base Editing

In some embodiments, a gene is edited in a cell using base editing. BaseEditing is a technique enabling the conversion of one nucleotide intoanother without double-stranded breaks in the DNA. Base editing allowsfor conversion of a C to T, G to A, or vice versa. An example editor forcytosine includes rAPOBEC1 which is fused to a catalytically inactiveform of Cas9. The Cas9 helps to bind a site of interest and the rAPOBEC1cytidine deaminase induces the point mutation. Conversion of adeninerequires a mutant transfer RNA adenosine deaminase (TadA), a Cas9nickase, and a sgRNA, as described herein. The construct is able tointroduce the site-specific mutation without introducing a strand break.In some embodiments, Base Editing is used to introduce one or moremutations in a cell described herein.

RNA-Guided Endonucleases

The RNA-guided endonuclease systems as used herein can comprise an aminoacid sequence having at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a wild-type exemplaryendonuclease, e.g., Cas9 from S. pyogenes, US2014/0068797 Sequence IDNo. 8 or Sapranauskas et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 39(21): 9275-9282(2011). The endonuclease can comprise at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,97, 99, or 100% identity to a wild-type endonuclease (e.g., Cas9 from S.pyogenes, supra) over 10 contiguous amino acids. The endonuclease cancomprise at most: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99, or 100% identity to awild-type endonuclease (e.g., Cas9 from S. pyogenes, supra) over 10contiguous amino acids. The endonuclease can comprise at least: 70, 75,80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99, or 100% identity to a wild-type endonuclease(e.g., Cas9 from S. pyogenes, supra) over 10 contiguous amino acids in aHNH nuclease domain of the endonuclease. The endonuclease can compriseat most: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99, or 100% identity to a wild-typeendonuclease (e.g., Cas9 from S. pyogenes, supra) over 10 contiguousamino acids in a HNH nuclease domain of the endonuclease. Theendonuclease can comprise at least: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99, or100% identity to a wild-type endonuclease (e.g., Cas9 from S. pyogenes,supra) over 10 contiguous amino acids in a RuvC nuclease domain of theendonuclease. The endonuclease can comprise at most: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,95, 97, 99, or 100% identity to a wild-type endonuclease (e.g., Cas9from S. pyogenes, supra) over 10 contiguous amino acids in a RuvCnuclease domain of the endonuclease.

The endonuclease can comprise a modified form of a wild-type exemplaryendonuclease. The modified form of the wild-type exemplary endonucleasecan comprise a mutation that reduces the nucleic acid-cleaving activityof the endonuclease. The modified form of the wild-type exemplaryendonuclease can have less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, lessthan 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%,less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 1% of the nucleicacid-cleaving activity of the wild-type exemplary endonuclease (e.g.,Cas9 from S. pyogenes, supra). The modified form of the endonuclease canhave no substantial nucleic acid-cleaving activity. When an endonucleaseis a modified form that has no substantial nucleic acid-cleavingactivity, it is referred to herein as “enzymatically inactive.”

Mutations contemplated can include substitutions, additions, anddeletions, or any combination thereof. The mutation converts the mutatedamino acid to alanine. The mutation converts the mutated amino acid toanother amino acid (e.g., glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine,tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine,histidine, lysine, or arginine). The mutation converts the mutated aminoacid to a non-natural amino acid (e.g., selenomethionine). The mutationconverts the mutated amino acid to amino acid mimics (e.g.,phosphomimics). The mutation can be a conservative mutation. Forexample, the mutation converts the mutated amino acid to amino acidsthat resemble the size, shape, charge, polarity, conformation, and/orrotamers of the mutated amino acids (e.g., cysteine/serine mutation,lysine/asparagine mutation, histidine/phenylalanine mutation). Themutation can cause a shift in reading frame and/or the creation of apremature stop codon. Mutations can cause changes to regulatory regionsof genes or loci that affect expression of one or more genes.

Guide RNAs

The present disclosure provides a guide RNAs (gRNAs) that can direct theactivities of an associated endonuclease to a specific target sitewithin a polynucleotide. A guide RNA can comprise at least a spacersequence that hybridizes to a target nucleic acid sequence of interest,and a CRISPR repeat sequence. In CRISPR Type II systems, the gRNA alsocomprises a second RNA called the tracrRNA sequence. In the CRISPR TypeII guide RNA (gRNA), the CRISPR repeat sequence and tracrRNA sequencehybridize to each other to form a duplex. In CRISPR Type V systems, thegRNA comprises a crRNA that forms a duplex. In some embodiments, a gRNAcan bind an endonuclease, such that the gRNA and endonuclease form acomplex. The gRNA can provide target specificity to the complex byvirtue of its association with the endonuclease. The genome-targetingnucleic acid thus can direct the activity of the endonuclease.

Exemplary guide RNAs include a spacer sequences that comprises 15-200nucleotides wherein the gRNA targets a genome location based on theGRCh38 human genome assembly. As is understood by the person of ordinaryskill in the art, each gRNA can be designed to include a spacer sequencecomplementary to its genomic target site or region. See Jinek et al.,Science, 2012, 337, 816-821 and Deltcheva et al., Nature, 2011, 471,602-607.

The gRNA can be a double-molecule guide RNA. The gRNA can be asingle-molecule guide RNA.

A double-molecule guide RNA can comprise two strands of RNA. The firststrand comprises in the 5′ to 3′ direction, an optional spacer extensionsequence, a spacer sequence and a minimum CRISPR repeat sequence. Thesecond strand can comprise a minimum tracrRNA sequence (complementary tothe minimum CRISPR repeat sequence), a 3′ tracrRNA sequence and anoptional tracrRNA extension sequence.

A single-molecule guide RNA (sgRNA) can comprise, in the 5′ to 3′direction, an optional spacer extension sequence, a spacer sequence, aminimum CRISPR repeat sequence, a single-molecule guide linker, aminimum tracrRNA sequence, a 3′ tracrRNA sequence and an optionaltracrRNA extension sequence. The optional tracrRNA extension cancomprise elements that contribute additional functionality (e.g.,stability) to the guide RNA. The single-molecule guide linker can linkthe minimum CRISPR repeat and the minimum tracrRNA sequence to form ahairpin structure. The optional tracrRNA extension can comprise one ormore hairpins.

In some embodiments, a sgRNA comprises a 20 nucleotide spacer sequenceat the 5′ end of the sgRNA sequence. In some embodiments, a sgRNAcomprises a less than a 20 nucleotide spacer sequence at the 5′ end ofthe sgRNA sequence. In some embodiments, a sgRNA comprises a more than20 nucleotide spacer sequence at the 5′ end of the sgRNA sequence. Insome embodiments, a sgRNA comprises a variable length spacer sequencewith 17-30 nucleotides at the 5′ end of the sgRNA sequence. In someembodiments, a sgRNA comprises a spacer extension sequence with a lengthof more than 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 120, 140, 160, 180, or 200 nucleotides. In some embodiments, asgRNA comprises a spacer extension sequence with a length of less than3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100nucleotides.

In some embodiments, a sgRNA comprises a spacer extension sequence thatcomprises another moiety (e.g., a stability control sequence, anendoribonuclease binding sequence, or a ribozyme). The moiety candecrease or increase the stability of a nucleic acid targeting nucleicacid. The moiety can be a transcriptional terminator segment (i.e., atranscription termination sequence). The moiety can function in aeukaryotic cell. The moiety can function in a prokaryotic cell. Themoiety can function in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.Non-limiting examples of suitable moieties include: a 5′ cap (e.g., a7-methylguanylate cap (m7 G)), a riboswitch sequence (e.g., to allow forregulated stability and/or regulated accessibility by proteins andprotein complexes), a sequence that forms a dsRNA duplex (i.e., ahairpin), a sequence that targets the RNA to a subcellular location(e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the like), amodification or sequence that provides for tracking (e.g., directconjugation to a fluorescent molecule, conjugation to a moiety thatfacilitates fluorescent detection, a sequence that allows forfluorescent detection, etc.), and/or a modification or sequence thatprovides a binding site for proteins (e.g., proteins that act on DNA,including transcriptional activators, transcriptional repressors, DNAmethyltransferases, DNA demethylases, histone acetyltransferases,histone deacetylases, and the like).

In some embodiments, a sgRNA comprises a spacer sequence that hybridizesto a sequence in a target polynucleotide. The spacer of a gRNA caninteract with a target polynucleotide in a sequence-specific manner viahybridization (i.e., base pairing). The nucleotide sequence of thespacer can vary depending on the sequence of the target nucleic acid ofinterest.

In a CRISPR-endonuclease system, a spacer sequence can be designed tohybridize to a target polynucleotide that is located 5′ of a PAM of theendonuclease used in the system. The spacer may perfectly match thetarget sequence or may have mismatches. Each endonuclease, e.g., Cas9nuclease, has a particular PAM sequence that it recognizes in a targetDNA. For example, S. pyogenes Cas9 recognizes a PAM that comprises thesequence 5′-NRG-3′, where R comprises either A or G, where N is anynucleotide and N is immediately 3′ of the target nucleic acid sequencetargeted by the spacer sequence.

A target polynucleotide sequence can comprise 20 nucleotides. The targetpolynucleotide can comprise less than 20 nucleotides. The targetpolynucleotide can comprise more than 20 nucleotides. The targetpolynucleotide can comprise at least: 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 30 or more nucleotides. The target polynucleotide cancomprise at most: 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30or more nucleotides. The target polynucleotide sequence can comprise 20bases immediately 5′ of the first nucleotide of the PAM.

A spacer sequence that hybridizes to a target polynucleotide can have alength of at least about 6 nucleotides (nt). The spacer sequence can beat least about 6 nt, at least about 10 nt, at least about 15 nt, atleast about 18 nt, at least about 19 nt, at least about 20 nt, at leastabout 25 nt, at least about 30 nt, at least about 35 nt or at leastabout 40 nt, from about 6 nt to about 80 nt, from about 6 nt to about 50nt, from about 6 nt to about 45 nt, from about 6 nt to about 40 nt, fromabout 6 nt to about 35 nt, from about 6 nt to about 30 nt, from about 6nt to about 25 nt, from about 6 nt to about 20 nt, from about 6 nt toabout 19 nt, from about 10 nt to about 50 nt, from about 10 nt to about45 nt, from about 10 nt to about 40 nt, from about 10 nt to about 35 nt,from about 10 nt to about 30 nt, from about 10 nt to about 25 nt, fromabout 10 nt to about 20 nt, from about 10 nt to about 19 nt, from about19 nt to about 25 nt, from about 19 nt to about 30 nt, from about 19 ntto about 35 nt, from about 19 nt to about 40 nt, from about 19 nt toabout 45 nt, from about 19 nt to about 50 nt, from about 19 nt to about60 nt, from about 20 nt to about 25 nt, from about 20 nt to about 30 nt,from about 20 nt to about 35 nt, from about 20 nt to about 40 nt, fromabout 20 nt to about 45 nt, from about 20 nt to about 50 nt, or fromabout 20 nt to about 60 nt. In some examples, the spacer sequence cancomprise 20 nucleotides. In some examples, the spacer can comprise 19nucleotides. In some examples, the spacer can comprise 18 nucleotides.In some examples, the spacer can comprise 22 nucleotides.

In some examples, the percent complementarity between the spacersequence and the target nucleic acid is at least about 30%, at leastabout 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%,at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%. In some examples, thepercent complementarity between the spacer sequence and the targetnucleic acid is at most about 30%, at most about 40%, at most about 50%,at most about 60%, at most about 65%, at most about 70%, at most about75%, at most about 80%, at most about 85%, at most about 90%, at mostabout 95%, at most about 97%, at most about 98%, at most about 99%, or100%. In some examples, the percent complementarity between the spacersequence and the target nucleic acid is 100% over the six contiguous5′-most nucleotides of the target sequence of the complementary strandof the target nucleic acid. The percent complementarity between thespacer sequence and the target nucleic acid can be at least 60% overabout 20 contiguous nucleotides. The length of the spacer sequence andthe target nucleic acid can differ by 1 to 6 nucleotides, which may bethought of as a bulge or bulges.

A tracrRNA sequence can comprise nucleotides that hybridize to a minimumCRISPR repeat sequence in a cell. A minimum tracrRNA sequence and aminimum CRISPR repeat sequence may form a duplex, i.e. a base-paireddouble-stranded structure. Together, the minimum tracrRNA sequence andthe minimum CRISPR repeat can bind to an RNA-guided endonuclease. Atleast a part of the minimum tracrRNA sequence can hybridize to theminimum CRISPR repeat sequence. The minimum tracrRNA sequence can be atleast about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%,about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or 100%complementary to the minimum CRISPR repeat sequence.

The minimum tracrRNA sequence can have a length from about 7 nucleotidesto about 100 nucleotides. For example, the minimum tracrRNA sequence canbe from about 7 nucleotides (nt) to about 50 nt, from about 7 nt toabout 40 nt, from about 7 nt to about 30 nt, from about 7 nt to about 25nt, from about 7 nt to about 20 nt, from about 7 nt to about 15 nt, fromabout 8 nt to about 40 nt, from about 8 nt to about 30 nt, from about 8nt to about 25 nt, from about 8 nt to about 20 nt, from about 8 nt toabout 15 nt, from about 15 nt to about 100 nt, from about 15 nt to about80 nt, from about 15 nt to about 50 nt, from about 15 nt to about 40 nt,from about 15 nt to about 30 nt or from about 15 nt to about 25 nt long.The minimum tracrRNA sequence can be approximately 9 nucleotides inlength. The minimum tracrRNA sequence can be approximately 12nucleotides. The minimum tracrRNA can consist of tracrRNA nt 23-48described in Jinek et al., supra.

The minimum tracrRNA sequence can be at least about 60% identical to areference minimum tracrRNA (e.g., wild-type, tracrRNA from S. pyogenes)sequence over a stretch of at least 6, 7, or 8 contiguous nucleotides.For example, the minimum tracrRNA sequence can be at least about 65%identical, about 70% identical, about 75% identical, about 80%identical, about 85% identical, about 90% identical, about 95%identical, about 98% identical, about 99% identical or 100% identical toa reference minimum tracrRNA sequence over a stretch of at least 6, 7,or 8 contiguous nucleotides.

The duplex between the minimum CRISPR RNA and the minimum tracrRNA cancomprise a double helix. The duplex between the minimum CRISPR RNA andthe minimum tracrRNA can comprise at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, or 10 or more nucleotides. The duplex between the minimum CRISPR RNAand the minimum tracrRNA can comprise at most about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, or 10 or more nucleotides.

The duplex can comprise a mismatch (i.e., the two strands of the duplexare not 100% complementary). The duplex can comprise at least about 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 or mismatches. The duplex can comprise at most about 1, 2,3, 4, or 5 or mismatches. The duplex can comprise no more than 2mismatches.

In some embodiments, a tracrRNA may be a 3′ tracrRNA. In someembodiments, a 3′ tracrRNA sequence can comprise a sequence with atleast about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%,about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or 100% sequenceidentity to a reference tracrRNA sequence (e.g., a tracrRNA from S.pyogenes).

In some embodiments, a gRNA may comprise a tracrRNA extension sequence.A tracrRNA extension sequence can have a length from about 1 nucleotideto about 400 nucleotides. The tracrRNA extension sequence can have alength of more than 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, or 200 nucleotides. The tracrRNAextension sequence can have a length from about 20 to about 5000 or morenucleotides. The tracrRNA extension sequence can have a length of lessthan 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100nucleotides. The tracrRNA extension sequence can comprise less than 10nucleotides in length. The tracrRNA extension sequence can be 10-30nucleotides in length. The tracrRNA extension sequence can be 30-70nucleotides in length.

The tracrRNA extension sequence can comprise a functional moiety (e.g.,a stability control sequence, ribozyme, endoribonuclease bindingsequence). The functional moiety can comprise a transcriptionalterminator segment (i.e., a transcription termination sequence). Thefunctional moiety can have a total length from about 10 nucleotides (nt)to about 100 nucleotides, from about 10 nt to about 20 nt, from about 20nt to about 30 nt, from about 30 nt to about 40 nt, from about 40 nt toabout 50 nt, from about 50 nt to about 60 nt, from about 60 nt to about70 nt, from about 70 nt to about 80 nt, from about 80 nt to about 90 nt,or from about 90 nt to about 100 nt, from about 15 nt to about 80 nt,from about 15 nt to about 50 nt, from about 15 nt to about 40 nt, fromabout 15 nt to about 30 nt, or from about 15 nt to about 25 nt.

In some embodiments, a sgRNA may comprise a linker sequence with alength from about 3 nucleotides to about 100 nucleotides. In Jinek etal., supra, for example, a simple 4 nucleotide “tetraloop” (-GAAA-) wasused (Jinek et al., Science, 2012, 337(6096):816-821). An illustrativelinker has a length from about 3 nucleotides (nt) to about 90 nt, fromabout 3 nt to about 80 nt, from about 3 nt to about 70 nt, from about 3nt to about 60 nt, from about 3 nt to about 50 nt, from about 3 nt toabout 40 nt, from about 3 nt to about 30 nt, from about 3 nt to about 20nt, from about 3 nt to about 10 nt. For example, the linker can have alength from about 3 nt to about 5 nt, from about 5 nt to about 10 nt,from about 10 nt to about 15 nt, from about 15 nt to about 20 nt, fromabout 20 nt to about 25 nt, from about 25 nt to about 30 nt, from about30 nt to about 35 nt, from about 35 nt to about 40 nt, from about 40 ntto about 50 nt, from about 50 nt to about 60 nt, from about 60 nt toabout 70 nt, from about 70 nt to about 80 nt, from about 80 nt to about90 nt, or from about 90 nt to about 100 nt. The linker of asingle-molecule guide nucleic acid can be between 4 and 40 nucleotides.The linker can be at least about 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000,3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, or 7000 or more nucleotides.The linker can be at most about 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000,3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, or 7000 or more nucleotides.

Linkers can comprise any of a variety of sequences, although in someexamples the linker will not comprise sequences that have extensiveregions of homology with other portions of the guide RNA, which mightcause intramolecular binding that could interfere with other functionalregions of the guide. In Jinek et al., supra, a simple 4 nucleotidesequence -GAAA- was used (Jinek et al., Science, 2012,337(6096):816-821), but numerous other sequences, including longersequences can likewise be used.

The linker sequence can comprise a functional moiety. For example, thelinker sequence can comprise one or more features, including an aptamer,a ribozyme, a protein-interacting hairpin, a protein binding site, aCRISPR array, an intron, or an exon. The linker sequence can comprise atleast about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more functional moieties. In someexamples, the linker sequence can comprise at most about 1, 2, 3, 4, or5 or more functional moieties.

In some embodiments, a sgRNA does not comprise a uracil, e.g., at the 3′end of the sgRNA sequence. In some embodiments, a sgRNA does compriseone or more uracils, e.g., at the 3′ end of the sgRNA sequence. In someembodiments, a sgRNA comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 uracils(U) at the 3′ end of the sgRNA sequence.

A sgRNA may be chemically modified. In some embodiments, a chemicallymodified gRNA is a gRNA that comprises at least one nucleotide with achemical modification, e.g., a 2′-O-methyl sugar modification. In someembodiments, a chemically modified gRNA comprises a modified nucleicacid backbone. In some embodiments, a chemically modified gRNA comprisesa 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate residue. In some embodiments, chemicalmodifications enhance stability, reduce the likelihood or degree ofinnate immune response, and/or enhance other attributes, as described inthe art.

In some embodiments, a modified gRNA may comprise a modified backbones,for example, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, morpholinos, methylphosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages orshort chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages.

Morpholino-based compounds are described in Braasch and David Corey,Biochemistry, 2002, 41(14): 4503-4510; Genesis, 2001, Volume 30, Issue3; Heasman, Dev. Biol., 2002, 243: 209-214; Nasevicius et al., Nat.Genet., 2000, 26:216-220; Lacerra et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2000,97: 9591-9596; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506, issued Jul. 23, 1991.

Cyclohexenyl nucleic acid oligonucleotide mimetics are described in Wanget al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122: 8595-8602.

In some embodiments, a modified gRNA may comprise one or moresubstituted sugar moieties, e.g., one of the following at the 2′position: OH, SH, SCH₃, F, OCN, OCH₃, OCH₃ O(CH₂)_(n) CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, or O(CH₂)_(n) CH₃, where n is from 1 to about 10; C1 to C10 loweralkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl;Br; CN; CF₃; OCF₃; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH₃; SO₂CH₃; ONO₂; NO₂; N₃; NH₂; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl;aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl; an RNA cleavinggroup; a reporter group; an intercalator; 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl);2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH₃); 2′-propoxy (2′-OCH₂ CH₂CH₃); and 2′-fluoro(2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on thegRNA, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminalnucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. In someexamples, both a sugar and an internucleoside linkage, i.e., thebackbone, of the nucleotide units can be replaced with novel groups.

Guide RNAs can also include, additionally or alternatively, nucleobase(often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications orsubstitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobasesinclude adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil(U). Modified nucleobases include nucleobases found only infrequently ortransiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypoxanthine,6-methyladenine, 5-Me pyrimidines, particularly 5-methylcytosine (alsoreferred to as 5-methyl-2′ deoxycytosine and often referred to in theart as 5-Me-C), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC), glycosyl HMC andgentobiosyl HMC, as well as synthetic nucleobases, e.g., 2-aminoadenine,2-(methylamino)adenine, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adenine,2-(aminoalklyamino)adenine or other heterosubstituted alkyladenines,2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 5-bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil,8-azaguanine, 7-deazaguanine, N6 (6-aminohexyl)adenine, and2,6-diaminopurine. Kornberg, A., DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman & Co.,San Francisco, pp 75-77, 1980; Gebeyehu et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 1997,15:4513. A “universal” base known in the art, e.g., inosine, can also beincluded. 5-Me-C substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acidduplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., in Crooke, S. T. andLebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, BocaRaton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are aspects of base substitutions.

Modified nucleobases can comprise other synthetic and naturalnucleobases, such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and otheralkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkylderivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil andcytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo-uracil),4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl andother 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo,5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines,7-methylquanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine,7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine, and 3-deazaguanine and3-deazaadenine.

Complexes of a Genome-Targeting Nucleic Acid and an Endonuclease

A gRNA interacts with an endonuclease (e.g., a RNA-guided nuclease suchas Cas9), thereby forming a complex. The gRNA guides the endonuclease toa target polynucleotide.

The endonuclease and gRNA can each be administered separately to a cellor a subject. In some embodiments, the endonuclease can be pre-complexedwith one or more guide RNAs, or one or more crRNA together with atracrRNA. The pre-complexed material can then be administered to a cellor a subject. Such pre-complexed material is known as aribonucleoprotein particle (RNP). The endonuclease in the RNP can be,for example, a Cas9 endonuclease or a Cpf1 endonuclease. Theendonuclease can be flanked at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or boththe N-terminus and C-terminus by one or more nuclear localizationsignals (NLSs). For example, a Cas9 endonuclease can be flanked by twoNLSs, one NLS located at the N-terminus and the second NLS located atthe C-terminus. The NLS can be any NLS known in the art, such as a SV40NLS. The weight ratio of genome-targeting nucleic acid to endonucleasein the RNP can be 1:1. For example, the weight ratio of sgRNA to Cas9endonuclease in the RNP can be 1:1.

Cells

Provided herein are any of the cells described herein having any of thegene-edits described herein. In some embodiments, a cell (andcorresponding unmodified cell) is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments,a cell (and corresponding unmodified cell) is a human cell. In someembodiments, a cell (and corresponding unmodified cell) is a stem cell.In some embodiments, a cell (and corresponding unmodified cell) is apluripotent stem cell (PSC). In some embodiments, a cell (andcorresponding unmodified cell) is an embryonic stem cell (ESC), an adultstem cell (ASC), an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), or ahematopoietic stem or progenitor cell (HSPC). In some embodiments, acell is an iPSC. In some embodiments, a cell may be a differentiatedcell. In some embodiments, a cell is a somatic cell, e.g., an immunesystem cell or a contractile cell, e.g., a skeletal muscle cell.

In some embodiments, the stem cells described herein (e.g., iPSCs) aregene-edited as described herein and then differentiated into a cell typeof interest. In some embodiments, the differentiated cell retains thegene-edits of the cell from which it is derived.

The cells described herein may be differentiated into relevant celltypes. In general, differentiation comprises maintaining the cells ofinterest for a period time and under conditions sufficient for the cellsto differentiate into the differentiated cells of interest. For example,the engineered stem cells disclosed herein may be differentiated intomesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), hypoimmunogenic cardiomyocytes,muscle progenitor cells, blast cells, endothelial cells (ECs),macrophages, natural killer cells, hepatocytes, beta cells (e.g.,pancreatic beta cells), pancreatic endoderm progenitors, pancreaticendocrine progenitors, or neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In someembodiments, any of the stem cells described herein are differentiatedafter gene-editing. In some embodiments, a cell is differentiated into anatural killer (NK) cell.

Stem cells are capable of both proliferation and giving rise to moreprogenitor cells, these in turn having the ability to generate a largenumber of mother cells that can in turn give rise to differentiated ordifferentiable daughter cells. The daughter cells themselves can beinduced to proliferate and produce progeny that subsequentlydifferentiate into one or more mature cell types, while also retainingone or more cells with parental developmental potential. The term “stemcell” refers then, to a cell with the capacity or potential, underparticular circumstances, to differentiate to a more specialized ordifferentiated phenotype, and which retains the capacity, under certaincircumstances, to proliferate without substantially differentiating. Inone aspect, the term progenitor or stem cell refers to a generalizedmother cell whose descendants (progeny) specialize, often in differentdirections, by differentiation, e.g., by acquiring completely individualcharacters, as occurs in progressive diversification of embryonic cellsand tissues. Cellular differentiation is a complex process typicallyoccurring through many cell divisions. A differentiated cell may derivefrom a multipotent cell that itself is derived from a multipotent cell,and so on. While each of these multipotent cells may be considered stemcells, the range of cell types that each can give rise to may varyconsiderably. Some differentiated cells also have the capacity to giverise to cells of greater developmental potential. Such capacity may benatural or may be induced artificially upon treatment with variousfactors. In many biological instances, stem cells can also be“multipotent” because they can produce progeny of more than one distinctcell type, but this is not required for “stem-ness.”

A “differentiated cell” is a cell that has progressed further down thedevelopmental pathway than the cell to which it is being compared. Thus,stem cells can differentiate into lineage-restricted precursor cells(such as a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC)), which in turncan differentiate into other types of precursor cells further down thepathway (such as a common lymphoid progenitor cell), and then to anend-stage differentiated cell, such as a natural killer cell, whichplays a characteristic role in a certain tissue type, and may or may notretain the capacity to proliferate further.

In some embodiments, any of the gene-edited cells described herein haveone of more of the following characteristics; increased persistency,immune evasiveness, lack of an alloimmune T cell response, increasedcytotoxic activity, improved antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC), or increased anti-tumor activity. In some embodiments, any ofthe gene-edited cells described herein have one of more of the followingcharacteristics relative to an un-edited (wild-type) cell describedherein; increased persistency, immune evasiveness, lack of an alloimmuneT cell response, increased cytotoxic activity, improvedantibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or increased anti-tumoractivity. In some embodiments, any of the gene-edited cells describedherein are capable of cell expansion in the absence of exogenous IL15.

Embryonic Stem Cells

The cells described herein may be embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs arederived from blastocytes of mammalian embryos and are able differentiateinto any cell type and propagate rapidly. ESCs are also believed to havea normal karyotype, maintaining high telomerase activity, and exhibitingremarkable long-term proliferative potential, making these cellsexcellent candidates for use as gene-edited stem cells. In someembodiments, ESCs with one, two, three, four, five, six or all of thefollowing edits: B2M null, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in,IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9knock-in, FAS null, CISH null, and REGNASE-1 null, are differentiatedinto NK cells.

Adult Stem Cells

The cells described herein may be adult stem cells (ASCs). ASCs areundifferentiated cells that may be found in mammals, e.g., humans. ASCsare defined by their ability to self-renew, e.g., be passaged throughseveral rounds of cell replication while maintaining theirundifferentiated state, and ability to differentiate into severaldistinct cell types, e.g., glial cells. Adult stem cells are a broadclass of stem cells that may encompass hematopoietic stem cells, mammarystem cells, intestinal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelialstem cells, neural stem cells, olfactory adult stem cells, neural creststem cells, and testicular cells. In some embodiments, ASCs with one,two, three, four, five, six or all of the following edits: B2M null,CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, BCMA CARknock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9 knock-in, FAS null, CISH null, andREGNASE-1 null, are differentiated into NK cells.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The cells described herein may be induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs). An iPSC may be generated directly from an adult human cell byintroducing genes that encode critical transcription factors involved inpluripotency, e.g., Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. An iPSC may be derivedfrom the same subject to which subsequent progenitor cells are to beadministered. That is, a somatic cell can be obtained from a subject,reprogrammed to an induced pluripotent stem cell, and thenre-differentiated into a progenitor cell to be administered to thesubject (e.g., autologous cells). However, in the case of autologouscells, a risk of immune response and poor viability post-engraftmentremain. In some embodiments, iPSC are generated from adult somatic cellsusing genetic reprogramming methods known in the art. In someembodiments, the iPSCs are derived from a commercial source. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are iPSCs or a derivative cell.In some embodiments, iPSC with one, two, three, four, five, six or allof the following edits: B2M null, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-Eknock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in,SERPINB9 knock-in, FAS null, CISH null, and REGNASE-1 null, aredifferentiated into NK cells.

Mesoderm

The cells described herein may be mesodermal cells. This cell type isone of the three germinal layers in embryonic development. The mesodermeventually differentiates into, but is not limited to muscle, connectivetissue, bone, red blood cells, white blood cells, and microglia. In someembodiments, the gene-edited cells described herein are mesodermalcells. In some embodiments, mesodermal cells are derived from any of thestem cells described herein. In some embodiments, mesodermal cells arederived from iPSC. In some embodiments, the mesodermal cells have any ofthe gene-edits described herein. In some embodiments, the mesodermalcells are differentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, mesodermalcells with one, two, three, four, five, six or all of the followingedits: B2M null, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rαknock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9 knock-in, FASnull, CISH null, and REGNASE-1 null, are differentiated into NK cells.

Hemogenic Endothelium

The cells described herein may be hemogenic endothelium (HE) cells. Thiscell type is an intermediate precursor of hematopoietic progenitors. Insome embodiments, the cells described herein are hemogenic endotheliumcells. In some embodiments, the gene-edited cells described herein arehemogenic endothelium cells. In some embodiments, hemogenic endotheliumcells are derived from any of the stem cells described herein. In someembodiments, hemogenic endothelium cells are derived from iPSC. In someembodiments, the hemogenic endothelial cells have any of the gene-editsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the hemogenic endothelial cellsare differentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, HE cells withone, two, three, four, five, six or all of the following edits: B2Mnull, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in,BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9 knock-in, FAS null, CISHnull, and REGNASE-1 null, are differentiated into NK cells.

Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

The cells described herein may be human hematopoietic stem andprogenitor cells (hHSPCs). This stem cell lineage gives rise to allblood cell types, including erythroid (erythrocytes or red blood cells(RBCs)), myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils,eosinophils, megakaryocytes/platelets, and dendritic cells), andlymphoid (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells). Blood cells are produced by theproliferation and differentiation of a very small population ofpluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that also have the abilityto replenish themselves by self-renewal. During differentiation, theprogeny of HSCs progress through various intermediate maturationalstages, generating multi-potential and lineage-committed progenitorcells prior to reaching maturity. Bone marrow (BM) is the major site ofhematopoiesis in humans and, under normal conditions, only small numbersof hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be found in theperipheral blood (PB). Treatment with cytokines, some myelosuppressivedrugs used in cancer treatment, and compounds that disrupt theinteraction between hematopoietic and BM stromal cells can rapidlymobilize large numbers of stem and progenitors into the circulation. Insome embodiments, HSPCs are derived from any of the stem cells describedherein. In some embodiments, HSPCs are derived from iPSCs. In someembodiments, the HSPCs have any of the gene-edits described herein. Insome embodiments, the HSPCs cells are differentiated into NK cells. Insome embodiments, HSPCs with one, two, three, four, five, six or all ofthe following edits: B2M null, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in,IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9knock-in, FAS null, CISH null, and REGNASE-1 null, are differentiatedinto NK cells.

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

The cells described herein may be common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)cells. CLPs are descendants of HSPCs. These cells differentiate into thelymphoid lineage of blood cells. Further differentiation yields B-cellprogenitor cells, Natural Killer cells, and Thymocytes. In someembodiments, the cells described herein are common lymphoid progenitors.In some embodiments, the gene-edited cells described herein are commonlymphoid progenitors. In some embodiments, CLP cells are derived fromiPSCs. In some embodiments, the CLP cells have any of the gene-editsdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the CLP cells are differentiatedinto NK cells. In some embodiments, CLP cells with one, two, three,four, five, six or all of the following edits: B2M null, CIITA null,ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in,CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9 knock-in, FAS null, CISH null, and REGNASE-1null, are differentiated into NK cells.

Differentiation of Cells into Other Cell Types

Another step of the methods of the present disclosure may comprisedifferentiating cells into differentiated cells. The differentiatingstep may be performed according to any method known in the art. Forexample, human iPSCs are differentiated into natural killer cells usingmethods known in the art. In some embodiments, the differentiating stepmay be performed according to Zhu and Kaufman, bioRxiv 2019;dx.doi.org/10.1101/614792. A differentiated cell may be any somatic cellof a mammal, e.g., a human. In some embodiments, a somatic cell may bean endocrine secretory epithelial cell (e.g., thyroid hormone secretingcells, adrenal cortical cells), an exocrine secretory epithelial cell(e.g., salivary gland mucous cell, prostate gland cell), ahormone-secreting cell (e.g., anterior pituitary cell, pancreatic isletcell), a keratinizing epithelial cell (e.g., epidermal keratinocyte), awet stratified barrier epithelial cell, a sensory transducer cell (e.g.,a photoreceptor), an autonomic neuron cells, a sense organ andperipheral neuron supporting cell (e.g., Schwann cell), a centralnervous system neuron, a glial cell (e.g., astrocyte, oligodendrocyte),a lens cell, an adipocyte, a kidney cell, a barrier function cell (e.g.,a duct cell), an extracellular matrix cell, a contractile cell (e.g.,skeletal muscle cell, heart muscle cell, smooth muscle cell), a bloodcell (e.g., erythrocyte), an immune system cell (e.g., megakaryocyte,microglial cell, neutrophil, mast cell, a T cell, a B cell, a NaturalKiller cell), a germ cell (e.g., spermatid), a nurse cell, or aninterstitial cell. In some embodiments, any of the stem cells describedherein are differentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, any of thederivative cell types described herein are differentiated into NK cells.

Provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods for generating NaturalKiller (NK) cells from stem cells. The method includes: (a) culturing apopulation of stem cells in a first medium comprising a ROCK inhibitorunder conditions sufficient to form aggregates; (b) culturing theaggregates in a second medium comprising BMP-4; (c) culturing theaggregates in a third medium comprising BMP-4, FGF2, a WNT pathwayactivator, and Activin A; (d) culturing the aggregates in a fourthmedium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3, FLT3L, WNT C-59 and anactivin/nodal inhibitor to form a cell population comprisinghematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs); (e) culturing the cellpopulation in a fifth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3 andFLT3L; (f) culturing the cell population in a sixth medium comprisingIL-3, IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF; (g) culturing the cell population in aseventh medium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF for a timesufficient to generate NK cells. In some embodiments, the methodincludes (a) culturing a population of stem cells in a first mediumcomprising a ROCK inhibitor under conditions sufficient to formaggregates; (b) culturing the aggregates in a second medium comprisingBMP-4; (c) culturing the aggregates in a third medium comprising BMP-4,FGF2, a WNT pathway activator, and Activin A; (d) culturing theaggregates in a fourth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3,FLT3L, and an activin/nodal inhibitor to form a cell populationcomprising hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs); (e)culturing the cell population in a fifth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF,TPO, SCF, IL-3 and FLT3L; (f) culturing the cell population in a sixthmedium comprising IL-3, IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF; (g) culturing thecell population in a seventh medium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 andSCF and (h) culturing the cell population in an eighth medium comprisingIL-7, FLT3L, IL-15, SCF and nicotinamide for a time sufficient togenerate NK cells. In some embodiments, the method includes (a)culturing a population of stem cells in a first medium comprising a ROCKinhibitor under conditions sufficient to form aggregates; (b) culturingthe aggregates in a second medium comprising BMP-4; (c) culturing theaggregates in a third medium comprising BMP-4, FGF2, a WNT pathwayactivator, and Activin A; (d) culturing the aggregates in a fourthmedium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3, FLT3L, and anactivin/nodal inhibitor to form a cell population comprisinghematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs); (e) culturing the cellpopulation in a fifth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3 andFLT3L; (f) culturing the cell population in a sixth medium comprisingIL-3, IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF; (g) culturing the cell population in aseventh medium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF and (h) culturingthe cell population in an eighth medium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15,and SCF for a time sufficient to generate NK cells. In some embodiments,the second medium further includes a ROCK inhibitor. In someembodiments, the ROCK inhibitor is thiazovivin. In some embodiments, theROCK inhibitor is Y27652. In some embodiments, the WNT pathway activatoris CHIR-99021. In some embodiments, the activin/nodal inhibitor isSB-431542.

In some embodiments, steps (a)-(g) occurs between 20-35 days. In someembodiments, step (a) includes culturing for 12-48 hours. In someembodiments, step (b) includes culturing for up to 24 hours. In someembodiments, step (c) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (d) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (e) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (f) includes culturing for up to 7 days. In someembodiments, step (g) includes culturing for at least 6 days and up to21-28 days total. In some embodiments, step (a) includes culturing for16-20 hours; step (b) includes culturing for 6-10 hours; step (c)includes culturing for 2 days; step (d) includes culturing for 2 days;step (e) includes culturing for 2 days; step (f) includes culturing for4 days; and/or step (g) includes culturing for 14-28 days.

In some embodiments, steps (a)-(h) occurs between 19 and 36 days. Insome embodiments, steps (a)-(h) occurs between 19 and 33 days. In someembodiments, steps (a)-(h) occurs between 24 and 36 days. In someembodiments, step (a) includes culturing for 12-48 hours. In someembodiments, step (b) includes culturing for up to 24 hours. In someembodiments, step (c) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (d) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (e) includes culturing for 1-3 days. In someembodiments, step (f) includes culturing for up to 7 days. In someembodiments, step (g) includes culturing for up to 6 days. In someembodiments, step (h) includes culturing for at least 6 days and up to10-16 days total. In some embodiments, step (a) includes culturing for16-20 hours; step (b) includes culturing for 6-10 hours; step (c)includes culturing for 2 days; step (d) includes culturing for 2 days;step (e) includes culturing for 2 days; step (f) includes culturing for4 days; step (g) includes culturing for 6 days and/or step (h) includesculturing for 10-16 days.

In some embodiments, the method is carried out under suspensionagitation. In some embodiments, the suspension agitation includesrotation. In some embodiments, the first media includes StemFlex orStemBrew medium. In some embodiments, the second, third, fourth andfifth media include APEL medium. In some embodiments, the sixth andseventh media can include DMEM/F12 medium. In some aspects, the sixthand seventh media comprise DMEM (high glucose)/F12 medium. In someembodiments, the sixth and seventh media include human serum (e.g., atthe concentration of 10-20%), zinc sulfate (e.g., at a concentration ofabout 20-40 μM), ethanolamine (e.g., at a concentration of about 10-100μM), β-mercaptoethanol (e.g., at a concentration of about 0.1-5 μM),glucose (e.g., at a total concentration of 2-40 mM), or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the sixth and seventh media include humanserum (e.g., at the concentration of 15%), zinc sulfate (e.g., at aconcentration of about 36 or 37 μM), ethanolamine (e.g., at aconcentration of about 50 μM), β-mercaptoethanol (e.g., at aconcentration of about 1 μM), glucose (e.g., at a total concentration of27 mM), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sixth andseventh media include human serum (e.g., at a concentration of about10-40%), zinc sulfate (e.g., at a concentration of about 20-40 μM),ethanolamine (e.g., at a concentration of about 10-100 μM), glucose(e.g., at a total concentration of about 2-40 mM), or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the sixth and seventh media include humanserum (e.g., at a concentration of about 20%), zinc sulfate (e.g., at aconcentration of about 37 μM), ethanolamine (e.g., at a concentration ofabout 50 μM), glucose (e.g., at a total concentration of about 20 mM),or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the eighth mediaincludes human serum (e.g., at a concentration of about 2-15%), zincsulfate (e.g., at a concentration of about 20-40 μM), ethanolamine(e.g., at a concentration of about 10-100 μM), glucose (e.g., at a totalconcentration of about 2-40 mM), or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the eighth media can include DMEM/F12 medium. In someaspects, the eighth media comprises DMEM (high glucose)/F12 medium. Insome embodiments, the eighth media includes human serum (e.g., at aconcentration of about 10%), zinc sulfate (e.g., at a concentration ofabout 37 μM), ethanolamine (e.g., at a concentration of about 50 μM),glucose (e.g., at a total concentration of about 20 mM), or anycombination thereof. In any of the sixth, seventh, and eighth mediaprovided herein, the total glucose concentration comprises glucose fromall sources including glucose present in the base media and any addedglucose. In each of the sixth, seventh, and eighth media providedherein, additional glucose may be added to a glucose containing basemedia (e.g., DMEM, F12 or DMEM (high glucose)/F12 medium) to reach the“total” glucose concentration. In some embodiments, about 10.25 mM ofglucose is added to the base media of the sixth or seventh media toreach the total glucose concentration of about 27 mM. In someembodiments, about 4.66 mM of glucose is added to the base media of thesixth or seventh media to reach the total glucose concentration of about20 mM. In some embodiments, about 2.33 mM of glucose is added to thebase media of the eighth media to reach the total glucose concentrationof about 20 mM. In some embodiments, the first medium includes 10 μM ofthe ROCK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the second medium includes 30ng/mL BMP-4. In some embodiments, the second medium includes 30 ng/mLBMP-4 and 10 μM of a ROCK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the thirdmedium includes 30 ng/mL BMP-4, 100 ng/mL FGF2, 6 μM CHIR-99021, and2.5-5 ng/mL Activin A. In some embodiments, the third medium includes 30ng/mL BMP-4, 100 ng/mL FGF2, 7 μM CHIR-99021, and 2.5-5 ng/mL Activin A.

In some embodiments, half of the third medium is added to the stem cellaggregates. In some embodiments, the fourth and fifth media include 20ng/mL FGF, 20 ng/mL VEGF, 20 ng/mL TPO, 100 ng/mL SCF, 40 ng/mL IL-3,and 10-20 ng/mL FLT3L. In some embodiments, the fourth medium furtherincludes 2 μM WNT C-59 and 5 μM SB-431542. In some embodiments, thefourth medium further includes 5 μM SB-431542. In some embodiments, thefourth medium does not include WNT C-59. In some embodiments, the sixthand seventh media includes 20 ng/mL IL-7, 10-20 ng/mL FLT3L, 10-20 ng/mLIL-15, and 20 ng/mL SCF. In some embodiments, the sixth medium includes5 ng/mL IL-3. In some embodiments, the eighth media includes IL-7,FLT3L, IL-15, SCF and nicotinamide. In various embodiments, the eighthmedium includes 10-20 ng/mL IL-7, 5-20 ng/mL FLT3L, 10-30 ng/mL IL-15,20-40 ng/mL SCF, and 1-15 mM nicotinamide. In various embodiments, theeighth medium includes 10 ng/mL IL-7, 7.5 ng/mL FLT3L, 15 ng/mL IL-15,20 ng/mL SCF and 6.5 mM nicotinamide. In some embodiments, the eighthmedia includes IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15, and SCF. In various embodiments, theeighth medium includes 10-20 ng/mL IL-7, 5-20 ng/mL FLT3L, 10-30 ng/mLIL-15, and 20-40 ng/mL SCF. In various embodiments, the eighth mediumincludes 10 ng/mL IL-7, 7.5 ng/mL FLT3L, 15 ng/mL IL-15, and 20 ng/mLSCF. In some embodiments, the eighth medium does not comprisenicotinamide.

In some embodiments, the HSPCs of step (d) express CD34. In someembodiments, the NK cells express CD56. In some embodiments, the NKcells express at least one activating receptor. In some embodiments, theat least one activating receptor is selected from the group of NKp44,NKp46, CD16, KIR2DL4, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the NK cells express at least one inhibitory receptor. In someembodiments, the at least one inhibitory receptor is selected from thegroup of CD94, NKG2A, KIR3DL2, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the NK cells include at least one functionassociated with endogenous NK cells. In some embodiments, the at leastone function includes the ability to induce cell lysis and cell death ofa target cell. In some embodiments, the at least one function includesdegranulation. In some embodiments, the degranulation includes releaseof perforin and granzyme B. In some embodiments, the degranulationincludes expression of CD107a on the cell surface of an NK cell.

In some embodiments, the population of stem cells is a population ofengineered cells, such as the engineered cells generated or obtained bythe methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the population ofengineered cells is differentiated by the methods of generating NaturalKiller (NK) cells from stem cells disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, a plurality of Natural Killer (NK) cells isgenerated or obtained by the method of generating Natural Killer (NK)cells from stem cells disclosed herein. Also disclosed herein is aplurality of NK cells is for use in treating a subject in need thereof.In some embodiments, the subject is a human who has, is suspected ofhaving, or is at risk for a cancer. Also disclosed herein is a methodcomprising administering to a subject the plurality of NK cells.

Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes which playa critical role in the innate immune system. NK cells have cytotoxicityagainst a variety of cells including but not limited to tumor cells andvirus-infected cells. In some embodiments, the stem cells describedherein are differentiated to Natural Killer cells. In some embodiments,iPSCs are differentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells (such as cells derived from gene-edited iPSCs bydifferentiation, i.e., iNK cells) have enhanced anti-tumor activity ascompared to un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In some embodiments,anti-tumor activity of the engineered NK cells is increased by at least10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least90% relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) NK cells.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells exhibit increased cellularlysis capability relative to control cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit at least 10%increase in cellular lysis capability (kill at least 10% more targetcells), or at least 20% increase in cellular lysis capability (kill atleast 20% more target cells), relative to control (e.g., un-edited orwild-type) cells. For example, the engineered NK cells of the presentdisclosure may exhibit an at least at least 10%, at least 15%, at least20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% increase in cellularlysis capability, relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type)cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the presentdisclosure exhibit a 20%-100%, 20%-90%, 20%-80%, 20%-70%, 20%-60%,20%-50%, 30%-100%, 30%-90%, 30%-80%, 30%-70%, 30%-60%, 30%-50%,40%-100%, 40%-90%, 40%-80%, 40%-70%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%, 50%-100%,50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%, or 50%-60% increase in cellular lysiscapability, relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. Insome embodiments, the target cells are T cells. In some embodiments, thetarget cells are cancer cells. In some embodiments, the target cells areleukemia cells. In some embodiments, this increase in cellular lysiscapability is observed at E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at orabout 0.1:1. In some embodiments, this increase in cellular lysiscapability is observed at E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at orabout 0.5:1. In some embodiments, this increase in cellular lysiscapability is observed at E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at orabout 1:1. In some embodiments, this increase in cellular lysiscapability is observed at E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at orabout 0.1:1, when the target cell is K562 and when the cells areco-cultured for, e.g., 24 hours. In some embodiments, this increase incellular lysis capability is observed at E:T (effector:target cell)ratio of at or about 0.5:1, when the target cell is K562 and when thecells are co-cultured for, e.g., 24 hours. In some embodiments, thisincrease in cellular lysis capability is observed at E:T(effector:target cell) ratio of at or about 1:1, when the target cell isK562 and when the cells are co-cultured for, e.g., 24 hours. In someembodiments, this increase in cellular lysis capability is observed atE:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at or about 0.1:1, when the targetcell is RPMI and when the cells are co-cultured for, e.g., 24 hours. Insome embodiments, this increase in cellular lysis capability is observedat E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at or about 0.5:1, when thetarget cell is RPMI and when the cells are co-cultured for, e.g., 24hours. In some embodiments, this increase in cellular lysis capabilityis observed at E:T (effector:target cell) ratio of at or about 1:1, whenthe target cell is RPMI and when the cells are co-cultured for, e.g., 24hours.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells express at least one, two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight or all of the following markers:CD45, CD56, CD94, NKG2A, CD16, NKp44, NKp46, KIR2DL4, and KIR3DL2, andoptionally wherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%,50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% level or more relative to theirexpression in un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells expresses at least one, two, three, four, five orall of the following markers: CD56, NKp44, NKp46, CD94, NKG2A andKIR2DL4, and optionally wherein the markers are expressed at least at25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% level or more relative totheir expression in un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells have at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the cell populationexpressing one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or all of thefollowing markers: CD45, CD56, CD94, NKG2A, CD16, NKp44, NKp46, KIR2DL4,and KIR3DL2. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have at least25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of thecell population expressing one, two, three, four, five or all of thefollowing markers: CD56, NKp44, NKp46, CD94, NKG2A and KIR2DL4.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells express at least one, two,three or all of the following markers: CD38, CD96, DNAM-1, and ICAM-1,and optionally wherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%,40%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% level or more relative to theirexpression in un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells express at least one, two, three or all of thefollowing markers: CD38, CD96, DNAM-1, and ICAM-1, and optionallywherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%,80%, 90%, 95% or 100% level or more relative to their expression inun-edited or wild-type NK cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NKcells have at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, atleast 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or atleast 99% of the cell population expressing one, two, three or all ofthe following markers: CD38, CD96, DNAM-1, and ICAM-1. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells have at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the cell populationexpressing one, two, three or all of the following markers: CD38, CD96,DNAM-1, and ICAM-1.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells express at least one, two,three or all of the following markers: NKG2D, TIM3, CD16, and CD25, andoptionally wherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%,50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% level or more relative to theirexpression in un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells express at least one, two, three or all of thefollowing markers: NKG2D, TIM3, CD16, and CD25, and optionally whereinthe markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%,95% or 100% level or more relative to their expression in un-edited orwild-type NK cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have atleast 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the cell populationexpressing one, two, three or all of the following markers: NKG2D, TIM3,CD16, and CD25. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have atleast 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the cell populationexpressing one, two, three or all of the following markers: NKG2D, TIM3,CD16, and CD25.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosureexhibit an increased cytokine secretion relative to control (e.g.,un-edited or wild-type) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NKcells of the present disclosure exhibit about the same cytokinesecretion level relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type)cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the presentdisclosure exhibit a reduced (e.g., reduced by less than 10%, less than20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, or less than 50%) cytokine secretionlevel relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit areduced (e.g., reduced by more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%,more than 50%, or more than 75%) cytokine secretion level relative tocontrol (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit an increased(e.g., increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 75%) cytokine secretionlevel relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. Thecytokine(s) being measured can be, without limitation any one or moreof: TNFα, IFNγ and IL-7. In some embodiments, the level of cytokines(e.g., TNFα, IFNγ and IL-7) secreted by the engineered NK cells is aboutthe same as the level in control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells,when cells are co-cultured with target cells at the E:T ratio of orabout 0.1:1. In some embodiments, the level of cytokines (e.g., TNFα,IFNγ and IL-7) secreted by the engineered NK cells is reduced (by, e.g.,at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%, and/or no more than 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) relative to the level in control (e.g., un-editedor wild-type) cells, when cells are co-cultured with target cells at theE:T ratio of or about 0.1:1. In some embodiments, the level of cytokines(e.g., TNFα, IFNγ and IL-7) secreted by the engineered NK cells isincreased (by, e.g., at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%)relative to the level in control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells,when cells are co-cultured with target cells at the E:T ratio of orabout 0.1:1.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosureexhibit an increased expression or release of Granzyme B or perforinrelative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibitabout the same expression or release level of Granzyme B or perforinrelative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit areduced (e.g., reduced by less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%,less than 40%, or less than 50%) Granzyme B or perforin expression orrelease level relative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells.In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosureexhibit a reduced (e.g., reduced by more than 20%, more than 30%, morethan 40%, more than 50%, or more than 75%) Granzyme B or perforinexpression or release level relative to control (e.g., un-edited orwild-type) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of thepresent disclosure exhibit an increased (e.g., increased by at least 5%,at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, orat least 75%) Granzyme B or perforin expression or release levelrelative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In someembodiments, the level of Granzyme B or perforin secreted by theengineered NK cells is about the same as the level in control (e.g.,un-edited or wild-type) cells, when cells are co-cultured with targetcells at the E:T ratio of or about 0.1:1. In some embodiments, the levelof Granzyme B or perforin secreted by the engineered NK cells is reduced(by, e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%, and/or no morethan 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) relative to the level in control (e.g.,un-edited or wild-type) cells, when cells are co-cultured with targetcells at the E:T ratio of or about 0.1:1. In some embodiments, the levelof Granzyme B or perforin secreted by the engineered NK cells isincreased (by, e.g., at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%)relative to the level in control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells,when cells are co-cultured with target cells at the E:T ratio of orabout 0.1:1.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosureexhibit an increased (e.g., increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 75%)expression level of CD107a relative to control (e.g., un-edited orwild-type) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of thepresent disclosure exhibit about the same expression level of CD107arelative to control (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In someembodiments, engineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit areduced (e.g., reduced by less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%,less than 40%, or less than 50%) CD107a expression level relative tocontrol (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit a reduced (e.g.,reduced by more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%,or more than 75%) CD107a expression level relative to control (e.g.,un-edited or wild-type) cells.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have higher proliferativecapacity as compared to un-edited or wild-type NK cells. In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells have approximately the sameproliferative capacity compared to un-edited or wild-type NK cells.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells do not exhibit exhaustionor exhibit a low level of exhaustion (e.g., a level of exhaustionmarkers associated with a functional NK cell). In some embodiments,exhaustion is detected by detecting a reduced expression of IFN7,granzyme B, perforin, CD107a, and/or TNFα in cells. In some embodiments,exhaustion is detected by detecting increased expression (e.g., on thesurface of the cell) of an exhaustion marker, e.g., PD-1, LAG-3, TIGITand/or TIM-3. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have normalor higher than normal expression of perforin, granzyme B, CD107a, IFNγand/or TNFα (relative to un-edited or wild-type cells). In someembodiments, the engineered NK cells have lower than normal or noexpression of PD-1, LAG-3, TIGIT and/or TIM-3 (relative to un-edited orwild-type cells). In some embodiments, engineered NK cells of thepresent disclosure exhibit reduced exhaustion, relative to control(e.g., un-edited cells or wild-type) NK cells.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosureexhibit about the same cellular viability as control (e.g., un-edited orwild-type) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells of thepresent disclosure exhibit increased cellular viability relative tocontrol (e.g., un-edited or wild-type) cells. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells of the present disclosure exhibit at least 10% or atleast 20% increase in cellular viability, relative to control cells. Forexample, the engineered NK cells of the present disclosure may exhibitat least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, atleast 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% increase in cellular viability,relative to control cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cellsof the present disclosure exhibit a 20%-100%, 20%-90%, 20%-80%, 20%-70%,20%-60%, 20%-50%, 30%-100%, 30%-90%, 30%-80%, 30%-70%, 30%-60%, 30%-50%,40%-100%, 40%-90%, 40%-80%, 40%-70%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%, 50%-100%,50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%, or 50%-60% increase in cellular viability,relative to control cells. Methods of measuring cell viability are knownto those of skill in the art and described herein.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells have higher expression ofone or more cell cycle genes, one or more cell division genes, and/orone or more DNA replication genes, as compared to un-edited or wild-typeNK cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells haveapproximately the same expression of one or more cell cycle genes, oneor more cell division genes, and/or one or more DNA replication genes,as compared to un-edited or wild-type NK cells.

In some embodiments, gene-edited iPSC cells are differentiated into NKcell having any of the characteristics described herein. In someembodiments, iPSC cells are gene-edited with one or more of thefollowing, B2M null, CHTA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rαknock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, SERPINB9 knock-in, FASnull, CISH null, and REGNASE-1 null CAR, then differentiated into NKcells. In some embodiments, iPSC cells are edited with B2M null,IL15/IL15Rα KI, and HLA-E KI, then differentiated into NK cells. In someembodiments, iPSC cells are edited with B2M null, SERPINB9 KI, and HLA-EKI, then differentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, iPSC cellsare edited with B2M null, SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI, thendifferentiated into NK cells. In some embodiments, B2M null, CIITA null,ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, CAR KI gene-editediPSC cells are differentiated into NK cells. The CAR can be, withoutlimitation, a BCMA CAR or a CD30 CAR. In some embodiments, B2M null,CIITA null, CISH null, FAS null, SERPINB9 knock-in, IL15/IL15Rαknock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, HLA-E knock-in gene-edited iPSC cells aredifferentiated into NK cells.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells having any of thecharacteristics described herein have the following gene edits: B2Mnull, IL15/IL15Rα KI, and HLA-E KI (e.g., IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimerKI, B2M KO). In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells having any ofthe characteristics described herein have the following gene edits: B2Mnull, CIITA null, ADAM17 null, HLA-E knock-in, IL15/IL15Rα knock-in, CARKI. In some embodiments, the CAR is BCMA. In some embodiments, theengineered NK cells express a CAR specific for BCMA and the target cell(e.g., cancer cell) expresses BCMA. In some embodiments, the CAR isCD30. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells express a CARspecific for CD30 and the target cell (e.g., cancer cell) expressesCD30.

In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells having any of thecharacteristics described herein have the following gene edits: B2Mnull, CIITA null, CISH null, FAS null, SERPINB9 knock-in, IL15/IL15Rαknock-in, CD30 CAR knock-in, HLA-E knock-in (e.g,SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα KI, CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, B2M KO, CIITAKO, CISH KO, FAS KO).

In some embodiments, any of the engineered NK cells described hereinhave one of more of the following characteristics relative to anun-edited (wild-type) NK cell described herein: increased persistency,increased immune evasiveness, lack of an alloimmune T cell response,increased cytotoxic activity, improved antibody-dependent cellularcytotoxicity (ADCC), or increased anti-tumor activity.

In some embodiments, the population of engineered cells of the presentdisclosure is engineered (e.g., by use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing) toinduce a site-specific disruption in a target gene sequence thateliminates the expression of an allogeneic antigen. In some embodiments,an allogeneic antigen is a major histocompatibility antigen. In someembodiments, a major histocompatibility antigen is a MHC I complex. Insome embodiments, the target gene sequence is found in the B2M gene thatencodes a protein component of the MHC I complex.

In some embodiments, persistence of the engineered cells is assessed byanalyzing their presence and quantity in one or more tissue samples thatare collected from a subject following administration of the engineeredcells to the subject. In some embodiments, persistence is defined as thelongest duration of time from administration to a time wherein adetectable level of the engineered cells is present in a given tissuetype (e.g., peripheral blood). In some embodiments, persistence isdefined as the continued absence of disease (e.g., complete response orpartial response). Determination of the absence of disease and responseto treatment are known to those of skill in the art and describedherein.

Methods of appropriate tissue collection, preparation, and storage areknown to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, persistence ofcells is assessed in one or more tissue samples from a group comprisedof peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid, tumor, skin, bone, bonemarrow, breast, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, spleen,gastrointestinal tract, tonsils, thymus and prostate. In someembodiments, a quantity of cells is measured in a single type of tissuesample (e.g., peripheral blood). In some embodiments, a quantity ofcells is measured in multiple tissue types (e.g., peripheral blood inaddition to bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid). By measuring quantityof cells in multiple tissue types, the distribution of cells throughoutdifferent tissues of the body can be determined. In some embodiments, aquantity of cells is measured in one or more tissue samples at a singletime point following administration. In some embodiments, a quantity ofcells is measured in one or more tissue samples at multiple time pointsfollowing administration.

A detectable level of the engineered cells in a given tissue can bemeasured by known methodologies. Methods for assessing the presence orquantity of cells in a tissue of interest are known to those of skill inthe art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), competitive RT-PCR,real-time RT-PCR, RNase protection assay (RPA), quantitativeimmunofluorescence (QIF), flow cytometry, northern blotting, nucleicacid microarray using DNA, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), tissue immunostaining,immunoprecipitation assay, complement fixation assay,fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), mass spectrometry, magneticbead-antibody immunoprecipitation, or protein chip.

As used herein, in some embodiments, persistence is the longest periodfrom the time of administration to a time wherein a detectable level ofthe engineered cells is measured. In some embodiments, a detectablelevel of cells is defined in terms of the limit of detection of a methodof analysis. The limit of detection can be defined as the lowestquantity of a component or substance that can be reliably andreproducibly measured by an analytical procedure when compared to atissue sample expected to have no quantity of the component or substanceof interest. A non-limiting exemplary method to determine a reproduciblelimit of detection is to measure the analytical signal for replicates ofa zero calibrator relative to a blank sample (Armbruster, D. et al.(2008) Clin Biochem Rev. 29:S49-S52). A blank sample is known to bedevoid of an analyte of interest. A zero calibrator is the highestdilution of a test sample of known concentration or quantity that givesanalytical signal above that measured for the blank sample. Byquantifying the analytical signal for at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,or 30 replicates of a zero calibrator, one can determine an average andstandard deviation (SD) for the limit of detection of an analyticalmethod of interest. Selection of a method with a suitable limit ofdetection for quantifying donor T cells in a given tissue can beascertained by one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, a detectablelevel of cells is any quantity of cells in a tissue sample that gives ananalytical signal above the limit of detection for a method of analysis.In some embodiments, a detectable level of cells is any quantity ofcells in a tissue sample that gives an analytical signal that is atleast 2 SDs, 3 SDs, 4 SDs, 5 SDs, 6 SDs, 7 SDs, 8 SDs, 9 SDs, or 10 SDs,above the limit of detection for the method of analysis.

It is known that CAR-expressing donor cells can undergo expansionfollowing administration to a recipient. Expansion is a response toantigen recognition and signal activation (Savoldo, B. et al. (2011) JClin Invest. 121:1822; van der Stegen, S. et al. (2015) Nat Rev DrugDiscov. 14:499-509). In some embodiments, following expansion,CAR-expressing engineered cells undergo a contraction period, wherein aportion of the cell population that are short-lived effector cells areeliminated and what remains is a portion of the cell population that arelong-lived memory cells. In some embodiments, persistence is a measureof the longevity of the engineered cell population following expansionand contraction. The duration of the expansion, contraction andpersistence phases are evaluated using a pharmacokinetic profile. Insome embodiments, a pharmacokinetic (PK) profile is a description of thecells measured in a given tissue over time and is readily ascertained byone skilled in the art by measuring the cells in a given tissue (e.g.,peripheral blood) at multiple time points. In some embodiments, ameasure of a PK profile provides a method of evaluating or monitoringthe effectiveness of the engineered cell therapy in a subject (e.g.,having cancer). In some embodiments, a measure of a PK profile providesa method of evaluating the persistence of the engineered cells in asubject. In some embodiments, a PK profile provides a method ofevaluating the expansion of the engineered cells in a subject. In someembodiments, a measure of persistence of engineered cells in a subjectis used to evaluate the effectiveness of engineered cell therapy in asubject. In some embodiments, a measure of expansion of engineered cellsin a subject is used to evaluate the effectiveness of engineered celltherapy in a subject.

In some embodiments, a PK profile is prepared by measuring a quantity ofengineered cells in a sample of a given tissue type (e.g., peripheralblood) collected from a recipient and repeating the assessment atdifferent time points. In some embodiments, a baseline tissue sample iscollected from a recipient no more than 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14days, or 15 days prior to administration. In some embodiments, tissuecollection from a recipient is performed within 0.25-2 hours, within 1-3hours, within 2-6 hours, within 3-11 hours, within 4-20 hours, within5-48 hours of the time of administration of engineered cells. In someembodiments, tissue collection from a recipient is performed on a dailybasis starting on day 1, day 2, day 3, or day 4 and continuing throughat least day 5, day 6, day 7, day 8, day 9, day 10, day 11, day 12, day13, day 14, day 15, day 16, day 17, day 18, day 19, or day 20. In someembodiments, tissue collection from a recipient is performed at least 1time, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, or 6 times per week for up to1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 13 weeks, 14 weeks, 15 weeks, or 16weeks following administration of cells. In some embodiments, tissuecollection from a recipient is performed at least 1 time, 2 times, 3times, 4 times, 5 times, or 6 times per month for up to 1 month, 2months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21months, 22 months, 23 months, or 24 months following administration ofcells. In some embodiments, tissue collection from a recipient isperformed at least 1 time, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, or 6times per year for up to 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6year, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, or 10 years following administration ofcells.

In some embodiments, engineered cell persistence is defined as theduration of time from administration wherein a quantity of engineeredcells is present that is at least 0.005-0.05%, 0.01-0.1%, 0.05-0.5%,0.1-1%, 0.5%-5%, 1-10%, 5%-10%, or 10%-15% (e.g., at least 1%, 5%, 10%,or 15%) of the peak quantity of engineered cells. In some embodiments, apersistence of cells is determined by comparing the quantity of cellsmeasured in a given tissue type (e.g., peripheral blood) to the peakquantity of cells that is measured in the same tissue type. In someembodiments, a persistence of cells is determined by comparing thequantity of cells measured in a given subject (e.g., peripheral blood)to the peak quantity of cells that is measured in the same subject. Insome embodiments, a persistence of cells is determined by comparing thequantity of cells measured in a given subject (e.g., peripheral blood)to the peak quantity of cells that is measured in a different subject(i.e., a subject with partial response, a subject with completeresponse).

In some embodiments, a persistence of engineered cells is present in oneor more tissue types (e.g. peripheral blood) following administrationwherein engineered cells are administered on day 1. In some embodiments,a persistence of engineered cells is present in one or more tissue types(e.g. peripheral blood) up to 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4, days, 5 days, 6days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 21 days, 21 days, 22days, 23 days, 24 days, 25 days, 26 days, 27 days, 28 days, 29 days, 30days, 31 days, 32 days, 33 days, 34 days, or 35 days followingadministration wherein engineered cells are administered on day 1. Insome embodiments, a persistence of engineered cells is present in one ormore tissue types (e.g. peripheral blood) up to 1 month, 2 months, 3months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 21months, 22 months, 23 months, or 24 months following administration ofengineered cells). In some embodiments, a persistence of engineeredcells is measured in one or more tissue types (e.g. peripheral blood) upto 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8years, 9 years, and 10 years following administration of engineeredcells. In some embodiments, a persistence of engineered cells that is atleast 10-25 days, at least 25-50 days, at least 50-100 days, at least100-364 days, at least one year, at least two years, at least threeyears, at least four years or at least five years from administrationwherein engineered cells are administered on day 1 is indicative of aresponse in a recipient (e.g. complete response or partial response).

Isolation and Purification of Cells

Purfication

In some embodiments, the population of gene-edited cells (e.g., iPSC,iNK, or NK cells) described herein are activated and/or expanded beforeor after genome editing. In some embodiments, iPSC cells aredifferentiated after gene-editing. In some embodiments, cells areactivated and expanded for about 1 day to about 4 days, about 1 day toabout 3 days, about 1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 3 days,about 2 days to about 4 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, or about 1day, about 2 days, about 3 days, or about 4 days prior to genomeediting.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for substantiallyisolating cells that express a detectable level of a surface protein(e.g., B2M) from a population of cells comprising any of the engineeredNK cells disclosed herein (e.g., IL15/IL15Rα KI, HLA-E KI, B2M null,CIITA null, CAR KI, ADAM17 null cells or SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KI,HLA-E KI, CAR KI, B2M null, CIITA null, FAS null, CISH null cells).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for isolating apopulation of cells comprising any of the engineered CAR NK cellsdisclosed herein (e.g., comprising CAR KI and B2M KO, CIITA KO, ADAM17KO, FAS KO, CISH KO. REGNASE-1 KO, IL15/IL15Rα KI, HLA-E KI, and/orSERPINB9 KI) comprising: providing the population of cells wherein theengineered CAR NK cells comprise a disrupted CIITA gene, a disrupted B2Mgene, a disrupted ADAM17 gene, a disrupted FAS gene, a disrupted CISHgene, and/or a disrupted REGNASE-1 gene; and isolating the population ofcells expressing a CAR (e.g. such that >99% of the population comprisesthe CAR expressing cells).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a population of cellscomprising engineered NK cells described herein (e.g., B2M KO, CIITA KO,ADAM17KO, FAS KO, CISH KO. REGNASE-1 KO, IL15/IL15Rα KI, HLA-E KI, CARKI, and/or SERPINB9 KI) wherein less than 0.5% of the cells in thepopulation express a detectable level of ADAM17, B2M, CIITA, FAS, and/orCISH. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a population of cellscomprising engineered NK cells described herein, wherein less than 0.1%,less than 0.2%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.5%, lessthan 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5% or lessthan 10% of the cells in the population express a detectable level ofADAM17, B2M, CIITA. FAS, CISH, and/or REGNASE-1.

Removal of a subset of cells from a population can be performed usingconventional cell purification methods. Non-limiting examples of cellsorting methods include fluorescence-activated cell sorting,immunomagnetic separation, chromatography, and microfluidic cellsorting. In some embodiments, CAR-expressing cells are removed from apopulation of cells comprising engineered NK cells by immunomagneticseparation. In some embodiments, HLA-E-expressing cells are removed froma population of cells comprising engineered NK cells by immunomagneticseparation.

In some embodiments, genome edited cells are sorted into single cells.In some embodiments, single cell isolates of gene-edited cells are growninto single cell clonal populations. In some embodiments, multiplesingle-cell clones are generated. In some embodiments, an edited cloneis expanded to generate a master cell bank (MCB).

Formulations and Administrations

Formulation and Delivery for Gene Editing

Guide RNAs, polynucleotides, e.g., polynucleotides that encode anyprotein described herein or polynucleotides that encode an endonuclease,and endonucleases as described herein may be formulated and delivered tocells in any manner known in the art.

Guide RNAs and/or polynucleotides may be formulated withpharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, solvents,stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc., depending upon the particularmode of administration and dosage form. Guide RNAs and/orpolynucleotides compositions can be formulated to achieve aphysiologically compatible pH, and range from a pH of about 3 to a pH ofabout 11, about pH 3 to about pH 7, depending on the formulation androute of administration. In some cases, the pH can be adjusted to arange from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8. In some cases, the compositionscan comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compoundas described herein, together with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients. Optionally, the compositions can comprise acombination of the compounds described herein, or can include a secondactive ingredient useful in the treatment or prevention of bacterialgrowth (for example and without limitation, anti-bacterial oranti-microbial agents), or can include a combination of reagents of thepresent disclosure.

Suitable excipients include, for example, carrier molecules that includelarge, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins,polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric aminoacids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Otherexemplary excipients can include antioxidants (for example and withoutlimitation, ascorbic acid), chelating agents (for example and withoutlimitation, EDTA), carbohydrates (for example and without limitation,dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, and hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose),stearic acid, liquids (for example and without limitation, oils, water,saline, glycerol and ethanol), wetting or emulsifying agents, pHbuffering substances, and the like.

Guide RNA polynucleotides (RNA or DNA) and/or endonucleasepolynucleotide(s) (RNA or DNA) can be delivered by viral or non-viraldelivery vehicles known in the art. Alternatively, endonucleasepolypeptide(s) can be delivered by viral or non-viral delivery vehiclesknown in the art, such as electroporation or lipid nanoparticles. Infurther alternative aspects, the DNA endonuclease can be delivered asone or more polypeptides, either alone or pre-complexed with one or moreguide RNAs, or one or more crRNA together with a tracrRNA.

Polynucleotides can be delivered by non-viral delivery vehiclesincluding, but not limited to, nanoparticles, liposomes,ribonucleoproteins, positively charged peptides, small moleculeRNA-conjugates, aptamer-RNA chimeras, and RNA-fusion protein complexes.Some exemplary non-viral delivery vehicles are described in Peer andLieberman, Gene Therapy, 2011, 18: 1127-1133 (which focuses on non-viraldelivery vehicles for siRNA that are also useful for delivery of otherpolynucleotides).

For polynucleotides of the disclosure, the formulation may be selectedfrom any of those taught, for example, in International Application WO2013090648.

Polynucleotides, such as guide RNA, sgRNA, and mRNA encoding anendonuclease, may be delivered to a cell or a subject by a lipidnanoparticle (LNP).

A LNP refers to any particle having a diameter of less than 1000 nm, 500nm, 250 nm, 200 nm, 150 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, or 25 nm.Alternatively, a nanoparticle may range in size from 1-1000 nm, 1-500nm, 1-250 nm, 25-200 nm, 25-100 nm, 35-75 nm, or 25-60 nm.

LNPs may be made from cationic, anionic, or neutral lipids. Neutrallipids, such as the fusogenic phospholipid DOPE or the membranecomponent cholesterol, may be included in LNPs as ‘helper lipids’ toenhance transfection activity and nanoparticle stability. Limitations ofcationic lipids include low efficacy owing to poor stability and rapidclearance, as well as the generation of inflammatory oranti-inflammatory responses.

LNPs may also be comprised of hydrophobic lipids, hydrophilic lipids, orboth hydrophobic and hydrophilic lipids.

Any lipid or combination of lipids that are known in the art can be usedto produce a LNP. Examples of lipids used to produce LNPs are: DOTMA,DOSPA, DOTAP, DMRIE, DC-cholesterol, DOTAP-cholesterol,GAP-DMORIE-DPyPE, and GL67A-DOPE-DMPE-polyethylene glycol (PEG).Examples of cationic lipids are: 98N12-5, C12-200, DLin-KC2-DMA (KC2),DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3), XTC, MD1, and 7C1. Examples of neutral lipids are:DPSC, DPPC, POPC, DOPE, and SM. Examples of PEG-modified lipids are:PEG-DMG, PEG-CerC14, and PEG-CerC20.

The lipids can be combined in any number of molar ratios to produce anLNP. In addition, the polynucleotide(s) can be combined with lipid(s) ina wide range of molar ratios to produce an LNP.

A recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector can be used fordelivery. Techniques to produce rAAV particles, in which an AAV genometo be packaged that includes the polynucleotide to be delivered, rep andcap genes, and helper virus functions are provided to a cell arestandard in the art. Production of rAAV typically requires that thefollowing components are present within a single cell (denoted herein asa packaging cell): a rAAV genome, AAV rep and cap genes separate from(i.e., not in) the rAAV genome, and helper virus functions. The AAV repand cap genes may be from any AAV serotype for which recombinant viruscan be derived, and may be from a different AAV serotype than the rAAVgenome ITRs, including, but not limited to, AAV serotypes describedherein. Production of pseudotyped rAAV is disclosed in, for example,international patent application publication number WO 01/83692.

Formulation and Administration of Cells

Genetically modified cells, as described herein may be formulated andadministered to a subject by any manner known in the art.

The terms “administering,” “introducing”, “implanting”, “engrafting” and“transplanting” are used interchangeably in the context of the placementof cells, e.g., progenitor cells, into a subject, by a method or routethat results in at least partial localization of the introduced cells ata desired site. The cells e.g., progenitor cells, or theirdifferentiated progeny can be administered by any appropriate route thatresults in delivery to a desired location in the subject where at leasta portion of the implanted cells or components of the cells remainviable. The period of viability of the cells after administration to asubject can be as short as a few hours, e.g., twenty-four hours, to afew days, to as long as several years, or even the lifetime of thesubject, i.e., long-term engraftment.

In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell as described herein isviable after administration to a subject for a period that is longerthan that of an unmodified cell.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising cells as described hereinare administered by a suitable route, which may include intravenousadministration, e.g., as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a periodof time. In some embodiments, intravenous administration may beperformed by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerebrospinal,subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, or intrathecal routes. Insome embodiments, a composition may be in solid form, aqueous form, or aliquid form. In some embodiments, an aqueous or liquid form may benebulized or lyophilized. In some embodiments, a nebulized orlyophilized form may be reconstituted with an aqueous or liquidsolution.

A cell composition can also be emulsified or presented as a liposomecomposition, provided that the emulsification procedure does notadversely affect cell viability. The cells and any other activeingredient can be mixed with excipients that are pharmaceuticallyacceptable and compatible with the active ingredient, and in amountssuitable for use in the therapeutic methods described herein.

Additional agents included in a cell composition can includepharmaceutically acceptable salts of the components therein.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts(formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide) that are formedwith inorganic acids, such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoricacids, or such organic acids as acetic, tartaric, mandelic and the like.Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived frominorganic bases, such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium,calcium or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine,trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine and the like.

Physiologically tolerable carriers are well known in the art. Exemplaryliquid carriers are sterile aqueous solutions that contain no materialsin addition to the active ingredients and water, or contain a buffersuch as sodium phosphate at physiological pH value, physiological salineor both, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Still further, aqueouscarriers can contain more than one buffer salt, as well as salts such assodium and potassium chlorides, dextrose, polyethylene glycol and othersolutes. Liquid compositions can also contain liquid phases in additionto and to the exclusion of water. Exemplary of such additional liquidphases are glycerin, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, andwater-oil emulsions. The amount of an active compound used in the cellcompositions that is effective in the treatment of a particular disorderor condition can depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, andcan be determined by standard clinical techniques.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising cells may be administeredto a subject, e.g., a human subject, who has, is suspected of having, oris at risk for a disease. In some embodiments, a composition may beadministered to a subject who does not have, is not suspected of havingor is not at risk for a disease. In some embodiments, a subject is ahealthy human. In some embodiments, a subject e.g., a human subject, whohas, is suspected of having, or is at risk for a genetically inheritabledisease. In some embodiments, the subject is suffering or is at risk ofdeveloping symptoms indicative of a disease.

Treatment Methods

Provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods for treating cancer(e.g., leukemias, e.g., acute myeloid leukemia) using any engineeredcells described herein (or any population of cells described herein).Non-limiting examples of cancers that may be treated as provided hereininclude multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, leukemia,B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), B-cell non-Hodgkin'slymphoma (B-NL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL), acute myeloidleukemia (AML), T cell lymphoma, T cell leukemia, clear cell renal cellcarcinoma (ccRCC), thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small celllung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, coloncancer, glioblastoma, and cervical cancer.

In some embodiments, leukemias that may be treated as provided hereininclude chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), non-Hodgkin lymphomas (e.g.,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high grade B-cell lymphoma,transformed follicular lymphoma (FL), grade 3B FL, and Richter'stransformation of CLL, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In someembodiments, provided herein is a method of treating cancer in a subject(e.g., human) in need thereof, comprising administering any engineeredcell described herein to the subject (e.g., wherein the subject has orhas been diagnosed with cancer). In some embodiments, provided herein isa method of treating a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., diffuse large B-celllymphoma (DLBCL), high grade B-cell lymphoma, transformed follicularlymphoma (FL), grade 3B FL, and Richter's transformation of CLL in asubject (e.g., human) in need thereof, comprising administering anyengineered cell described herein to the subject (e.g., wherein thesubject has or has been diagnosed with a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or is atrisk of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma). In some embodiments, the subject (e.g.,a human) has (e.g., has been diagnosed with) a relapsed and/orrefractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In some embodiments, the subject (e.g.,a human) has (e.g., has been diagnosed with) a non-relapsed or earlystage non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In some embodiments, provided herein is amethod of treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or acutelymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a subject (e.g., human) in need thereof,comprising administering any engineered cell described herein to thesubject (e.g., wherein the subject has or has been diagnosed with CLL orALL). In some embodiments, the subject (e.g., a human) has (e.g., hasbeen diagnosed with) a relapsed and/or refractory CLL or ALL. In someembodiments, the subject (e.g., a human) has (e.g., has been diagnosedwith) a non-relapsed or early stage CLL or ALL. The engineered cell canbe administered at any dose described herein, in particular, in atherapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, a human beingtreated is an adult, e.g., a human over 18 years of age. In someembodiments, a human being treated is under 18 years of age. In someembodiments, the method is not a method for treatment of the human oranimal body by therapy.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise delivering the engineeredcells (e.g., anti-BCMA CAR NK cells) of the present disclosure to asubject having a cancer (e.g., leukemia), wherein cancer cells expressBCMA. In some embodiments, the methods comprise delivering theengineered cells (e.g., anti-CD30 CAR NK cells) of the presentdisclosure to a subject having a cancer (e.g., leukemia), wherein cancercells express CD30. In some embodiments where the disease being treatedis a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the cells used express a CD30 CAR (e.g.,anti-CD30 CAR NK cells).

The step of administering may include the placement (e.g.,transplantation) of cells, e.g., engineered NK cells, into a subject, bya method or route that results in at least partial localization of theintroduced cells at a desired site, such as tumor, such that a desiredeffect(s) is produced. Engineered cells can be administered by anyappropriate route that results in delivery to a desired location in thesubject where at least a portion of the implanted cells or components ofthe cells remain viable. The period of viability of the cells afteradministration to a subject can be as short as a few hours, e.g.,twenty-four hours, to a few days, to as long as several years, or eventhe life-time of the subject, i.e., long-term engraftment. For example,in some embodiments, an effective amount of engineered NK cell isadministered via a systemic route of administration, such as anintraperitoneal or intravenous route.

A subject may be any subject for whom diagnosis, treatment, or therapyis desired. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In someembodiments, the subject is a human.

In some embodiments, an engineered NK cell population being administeredaccording to the methods described herein comprises gene editedhematopoietic cells (e.g., NK cells) differentiated from gene-editedstem cells (e.g., iPSC cells).

In some embodiments, an engineered cell population (e.g. NK cells) beingadministered according to the methods described herein does not inducetoxicity in the subject, e.g., the engineered NK cells do not inducetoxicity in non-cancer cells. In some embodiments, an engineered cellpopulation (e.g., NK cells) being administered does not triggercomplement mediated lysis, or does not stimulate antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

In some embodiments, the subject being treated has no chronic immunesuppression.

An effective amount refers to the amount of a population of engineeredcells (e.g., NK cells) needed to prevent or alleviate at least one ormore signs or symptoms of a medical condition (e.g., cancer), andrelates to a sufficient amount of a composition to provide the desiredeffect, e.g., to treat a subject having a medical condition. Aneffective amount also includes an amount sufficient to prevent or delaythe development of a symptom of the disease, alter the course of asymptom of the disease (for example but not limited to, slow theprogression of a symptom of the disease), or reverse a symptom of thedisease. It is understood that for any given case, an appropriateeffective amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the artusing routine experimentation.

In some embodiments, a subject is administered a population of cellscomprising any of the engineered cells disclosed herein at a dose in therange of about 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁹ engineered cells. In some embodiments, asubject is administered a population of cells comprising any of theengineered cells disclosed herein at a dose in the range of about 1×10⁷to 3×10⁸ engineered cells. In some embodiments, a subject isadministered a population of cells comprising any of the engineeredcells disclosed herein at a dose in the range of about 3×10⁷ to 3×10⁸engineered cells.

In some embodiments, the cells are NK cells. In some embodiments, thecells are derived from iPSCs. In some embodiments, the cells areexpanded in culture prior to administration to a subject in needthereof.

Modes of administration include but are not limited to injection andinfusion. In some embodiments, injection includes, without limitation,intravenous, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intraspinal,intracerebrospinal, and intrasternal infusion. In some embodiments, theroute is intravenous. In some embodiments, cells described herein areadministered as a bolus or by continuous infusion (e.g., intravenousinfusion) over a period of time. In some embodiments, cells describedherein are administered in several doses over a period of time (e.g.,several infusions over a period of time). The cells described herein canbe administered in a single dose or in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more doses (orinfusions). In some embodiments, the subject being treated is dosed(e.g., with an infusion) about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks. Insome embodiments, the subject being treated is dosed (e.g., with aninfusion) every 2-4 weeks (e.g., every 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks).

In some embodiments, engineered cells (e.g., NK cells) are administeredsystemically, which refers to the administration of a population ofcells other than directly into a target site, tissue, or organ, suchthat it enters, instead, the subject's circulatory system and, thus, issubject to metabolism and other like processes.

The efficacy of a treatment comprising a composition for the treatmentof a medical condition can be determined by the skilled clinician. Atreatment is considered “effective treatment,” if any one or all of thesigns or symptoms of, as but one example, levels of functional targetare altered in a beneficial manner (e.g., increased by at least 10%), orother clinically accepted symptoms or markers of disease (e.g., cancer)are improved or ameliorated. Efficacy can also be measured by failure ofa subject to worsen as assessed by hospitalization or need for medicalinterventions (e.g., progression of the disease is halted or at leastslowed). Methods of measuring these indicators are known to those ofskill in the art and/or described herein. Treatment includes anytreatment of a disease in subject and includes: (1) inhibiting thedisease, e.g., arresting, or slowing the progression of symptoms; or (2)relieving the disease, e.g., causing regression of symptoms; and (3)preventing or reducing the likelihood of the development of symptoms.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating anon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient by administering anintravenous dose of about 1×10⁷-3×10⁸ engineered NK cells expressing adetectable level of CAR described herein (e.g., anti-BCMA CAR oranti-CD30 CAR). In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods fortreating a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient byadministering an intravenous dose of about 3×10⁷ engineered NK cellsexpressing a detectable level of CAR described herein (e.g., anti-BCMACAR or anti-CD30 CAR). In some embodiments, the disclosure providesmethods for treating a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient byadministering an intravenous dose of about 1×10⁸ engineered NK cellsexpressing a detectable level of CAR described herein (e.g., anti-BCMACAR or anti-CD30 CAR). In some embodiments, the disclosure providesmethods for treating a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient byadministering an intravenous dose of about 3×10⁸ engineered NK cellsexpressing a detectable level of CAR described herein (e.g., anti-BCMACAR or anti-CD30 CAR).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating anon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient by intravenouslyadministering NK cells at a dose of about 1×10⁷-3×10⁸ engineered NKcells expressing a detectable level of anti-BCMA CAR or anti-CD30 CAR.In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating anon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human patient by intravenouslyadministering NK cells at a dose of about 3×10⁷ engineered NK cellsexpressing a detectable level of anti-BCMA CAR or anti-CD30 CAR. In someembodiments, the disclosure provides methods for treating a non-Hodgkinlymphoma (NHL) in a human patient by intravenously administering NKcells at a dose of about 1×10S engineered NK cells expressing adetectable level of anti-BCMA CAR or anti-CD30 CAR. In some embodiments,the disclosure provides methods for treating a non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL) in a human patient by intravenously administering NK cells at adose of about 3×10⁸ engineered NK cells expressing a detectable level ofanti-BCMA CAR or anti-CD30 CAR.

Lymphodepletion Conditioning Therapy

In some embodiments, any engineered cells described herein (or anypopulation of cells described herein) are administered to a subject(e.g., a human patient having a cancer, e.g., a non-Hodgkin lymphoma)after a subject has received a lymphodepleting regimen.

In some embodiments, the lymphodepleting regimen comprises administeringat least one chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, at least onechemotherapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In some embodiments, thelymphodepleting regimen comprises administering at least twochemotherapeutic agents. In some embodiments, at least twochemotherapeutic agents are cyclophosphamide and fludarabine.

In some embodiments, the first dose (e.g., infusion) of the engineeredcells described herein is administered to a subject afterlymphodepletion.

Specific Compositions and Methods of the Disclosure

Accordingly, the present disclosure relates, in particular, to thefollowing non-limiting compositions and methods.

In a first composition, Composition 1, the present disclosure provides acomposition comprising a engineered cell comprising: (a) a disruptedbeta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene, and (b) a first polynucleotide and asecond polynucleotide inserted in the disrupted B2M gene, wherein i. thefirst polynucleotide encodes human leukocyte antigen E or HLA class Ihistocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E (HLA-E) and ii. the secondpolynucleotide encodes a fusion protein of Interleukin-15 (IL15) andInterleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (IL15Rα), wherein the cellexpresses HLA-E and the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα and the cellhas a disrupted expression of B2M.

In another composition, Composition 2, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Composition 1, wherein disrupted expressionof B2M comprises reduced or eliminated expression of B2M.

In another composition, Composition 3, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Compositions 1 or 2, wherein the HLA-E is anHLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without a signal peptide.

In another composition, Composition 4, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Composition 3, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and the HLA-Etrimer.

In another composition, Composition 5, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Composition 4, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted in exon 1 of theB2M gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 6, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Compositions 1-5, further comprising adisrupted Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Transactivator(CIITA) gene, wherein the cell has a disrupted expression of CIITA.

In another composition, Composition 7, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Composition 6, wherein the disruptedexpression of CIITA comprises reduced or eliminated expression of CIITA.

In another composition, Composition 8, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Compositions 1-7, further comprising aninsertion of a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric antigen receptor(CAR).

In another composition, Composition 9, the present disclosure provides acomposition, as provided in Composition 8, wherein the CAR is insertedin the disrupted CIITA gene.

In another composition, Composition 10, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 8 or 9, wherein the CAR isinserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 11, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-10, further comprising adisrupted ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) gene, wherein thecell has a disrupted expression of ADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 12, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 11, wherein the disruptedexpression of ADAM17 comprises reduced or eliminated expression ofADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 13, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising an engineered cell comprising: (a) a disruptedB2M gene, (b) a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotideinserted in the disrupted B2M gene, wherein i. the first polynucleotideencodes HLA-E, and ii. the second polynucleotide encodes a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, (c) a disrupted CIITA gene, (d) an insertionof a polynucleotide encoding a CAR, optionally wherein the CAR isinserted in the disrupted CIITA gene, and (e) a disrupted ADAM17 gene,wherein the cell expresses HLA-E, the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα,and the CAR, and the cell has a disrupted expression of B2M, CITA, andADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 14, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 13, wherein the disruptedexpression of B2M, CIITA, and/or ADAM17 comprises reduced or eliminatedexpression of B2M, CIITA, and/or ADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 15, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 13 or 14, wherein the HLA-Eis an HLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without a signal peptide.

In another composition, Composition 16, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 15, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and the HLA-Etrimer.

In another composition, Composition 17, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 16, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct is inserted in exon1 of the B2M gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 18, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 13-17, wherein the CAR isinserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 19, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising an engineered cell comprising: (a) a disruptedADAM17 gene, (b) a disrupted gene encoding an MHC-I or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigen, or a component of, or a transcriptional regulator of,a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, and (c) an insertion of a polynucleotideencoding a CAR, wherein the cell expresses the CAR, has a disruptedexpression of ADAM17, has a disrupted expression of the MHC-I or MHC-IIhuman leukocyte antigen, or the component of, or the transcriptionalregulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex, and is hypoimmunogenic.

In another composition, Composition 20, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 19, wherein the disruptedexpression of ADAM17 and/or the MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigen,or the component of, or the transcriptional regulator of, a MHC-I orMHC-II complex, comprises reduced or eliminated expression of the MHC-Ior MHC-II human leukocyte antigen or the component of, or thetranscriptional regulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex.

In another composition, Composition 21, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 19 or 20, wherein thedisrupted gene encoding the MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigen orthe component of, or the transcriptional regulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-IIcomplex is a disrupted B2M gene.

In another composition, Composition 22, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 21, further comprising (d) aninsertion of a first polynucleotide that encodes HLA-E, and (e) aninsertion of a second polynucleotide that encodes a fusion protein ofIL15 and IL15Rα, wherein the first polynucleotide and the secondpolynucleotide are inserted in the disrupted B2M gene, and wherein thecell expresses HLA-E and the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα.

In another composition, Composition 23, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 22, wherein the HLA-E is anHLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without a signal peptide.

In another composition, Composition 24, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 23, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and the HLA-Etrimer.

In another composition, Composition 25, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 24, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted in exon 1 of theB2M gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 26, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 19-25, wherein the disruptedgene encoding the MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigen or thecomponent of, or the transcriptional regulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-IIcomplex is a disrupted CIITA gene.

In another composition, Composition 27, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 19-26, wherein the CAR isinserted in the CIITA gene.

In another composition, Composition 28, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 27, wherein the CAR isinserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 29, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising an engineered cell comprising a disrupted CIITAgene and an insertion of a polynucleotide encoding a CAR in thedisrupted CIITA gene, wherein the cell expresses the CAR and the cellhas a disrupted expression of CIITA.

In another composition, Composition 30, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 29, wherein the disruptedexpression of CIITA comprises reduced or eliminated expression of CIITA.

In another composition, Composition 31, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 29 or 30, wherein the CAR isinserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 32, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 29-31, further comprising adisrupted B2M gene, a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotideinserted in the disrupted B2M gene, and optionally a disrupted ADAM17gene, wherein the first polynucleotide encodes HLA-E and the secondpolynucleotide encodes a fusion protein of IL15 and IL5R&, and whereinthe cell expresses HLA-E and the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα andthe cell has a disrupted expression of B2M and/or ADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 33, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 32, wherein the disruptedexpression of B2M and/or ADAM17 comprises reduced or eliminatedexpression of ADAM17.

In another composition, Composition 34, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 32 or 33, wherein the HLA-E isan HLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without a signal peptide.

In another composition, Composition 35, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 34, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and the HLA-Etrimer.

In another composition, Composition 36, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 35, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer is inserted in exon 1 of theB2M gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 37, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 8-36, wherein the CARcomprises an ectodomain that binds anti-B cell maturation antigen.

In another composition, Composition 38, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 37, wherein the CAR comprisesa polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70.

In another composition, Composition 39, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 4-12, 16-18, 24-28, and35-38, wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises apolynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.

In another composition, Composition 40, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-39, wherein the engineeredcell does not comprise an insertion of a polynucleotide encoding CD16;optionally, wherein the genome of the cell does not comprise aninsertion of a polynucleotide encoding a high affinity non-cleavableCD16 variant.

In another composition, Composition 41, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is a stem cell.

In another composition, Composition 42, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 41, wherein the stem cell isan induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), a hematopoietic stem cell, anembryonic stem cell, or an adult stem cell.

In another composition, Composition 43, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is a genome-edited iPSC.

In another composition, Composition 44, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is a natural killer (NK) cell obtained from a genome-edited iPSC.

In another composition, Composition 45, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is a differentiated cell or a somatic cell.

In another composition, Composition 46, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is capable of being differentiated into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells.

In another composition, Composition 47, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-40, wherein the engineeredcell is a natural killer (NK) cell.

In another composition, Composition 48, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 47, wherein the NK cell hasbeen differentiated from a genome-edited iPSC, wherein the NK cellcomprises the genome edits of the genome-edited iPSC, wherein the NKcell has not been genome-edited after the differentiation.

In another composition, Composition 49, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-48, wherein the engineeredcell expresses at least one, two, three, four or five of the followingmarkers: CD56, NKp44, NKp46, CD94, NKG2A and KIR2DL4, and optionallywherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 75%level relative to their expression in wild-type NK cells.

In another composition, Composition 50, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-49, wherein the engineeredcell has at least one of the following characteristics, or anycombination thereof: (i) an alloimmune T cell reaction of less than 10%relative to an unmodified cell, and (ii) cytotoxic activity resulting inkilling more than 50% of target cells when the engineered cells aremixed with the target cells at the ratio of 1:1; (iii) at least 50%increase in cellular viability relative to an unmodified cell.

In another composition, Composition 51, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-49, wherein the engineeredcell has at least one of the following characteristics, or anycombination thereof: (i) improved persistency, (ii) improved immuneevasiveness, (iii) improved cytotoxic activity, (iv) improved ADCCactivity, and (v) improved anti-tumor activity; wherein thecharacteristics are improved relative to a wild-type cell, optionally,relative to a wild-type iPSC or a wild-type NK cell.

In another composition, Composition 52, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Compositions 1-51, wherein the engineeredcell is capable of cell expansion in the absence of exogenous IL15 incell culture media.

In another composition, Composition 53, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising a plurality of engineered cells according toany one of Compositions 1 to 52.

In another composition, Composition 54, the present disclosure providesa composition, comprising a population of lineage-restricted progenitorcells or fully differentiated somatic cells derived from the pluralityof engineered cells of Composition 53.

In another composition, Composition 55, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of Composition 54,wherein the lineage-restricted progenitor cells are hematopoieticprogenitor cells, mesodermal cells, definitive hemogenic endothelium,definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, CD34⁺ cells,multipotent progenitors (MPP), common lymphoid progenitor cells, T cellprogenitors, NK cell progenitors, pancreatic endoderm progenitors,pancreatic endocrine progenitors, mesenchymal progenitor cells, muscleprogenitor cells, blast cells, or neural progenitor cells, and the fullydifferentiated somatic cells are hematopoietic cells, pancreatic betacells, epithelial cells, endodermal cells, macrophages, hepatocytes,adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, or immune systemcells.

In another composition, Composition 56, the present disclosure providesa composition, comprising the population of cells of Composition 55,wherein the hematopoietic cells are NK cells, T cells, B cells, or NKTcells.

In another composition, Composition 57, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of Composition 56,wherein the hematopoietic cells are human NK cells.

In another composition, Composition 58, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of any one ofCompositions 54-57, wherein at least 25% or at least 50% of engineeredcells of the population express the CAR, HLA-E, and/or the fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα.

In another composition, Composition 59, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of any one ofCompositions 54-58, wherein at least 50% of engineered cells of thepopulation do not express a detectable level of B2M protein, CIITAprotein, and/or ADAM17 protein.

In another composition, Composition 60, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of any one ofCompositions 57-59, wherein engineered human NK cells of the population,when co-cultured in vitro with a population of cancer cells, induce celllysis of at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the populationof cancer cells.

In another composition, Composition 61, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of any one ofCompositions 57-60, wherein engineered human NK cells of the population,when co-cultured in vitro with a population of cancer cells, secreteIFNγ.

In another composition, Composition 62, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the population of cells of Compositions 60 or61, wherein the ratio of engineered human NK cells to cancer cells is0.1:1 to 2:1.

In another composition, Composition 63, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 53 or the population of cells of Compositions 54-62.

In another composition, Composition 64, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 63 for use in treating asubject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 65, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 63 for use in treating cancerin a subject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 66, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in Composition 65, wherein the subject hasmultiple myeloma. Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, leukemia, B-cellacute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(B-NL), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL), T cell lymphoma, T cellleukemia, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), thyroid cancer,nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer,melanoma, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, or cervical cancer.

In another composition, Composition 67, the present disclosure providesa composition, as provided in any one of Composition 64-66, wherein thesubject is human.

In a first method, Method 1, the present disclosure provides a method ofobtaining cells for administration to a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising: (a) obtaining or having obtained the plurality ofengineered cells of Composition 53, and (b) maintaining the plurality ofengineered cells for a time and under conditions sufficient for thecells to differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells.

In another method, Method 2, the present disclosure provides a methodfor treating of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a)obtaining or having obtained the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 53 following differentiation into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells; and (b)administering the lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells to the subject.

In another method, Method 3, the present disclosure provides a method asprovided in Methods 1 or 2, wherein the lineage-restricted progenitorcells are hematopoietic progenitor cells, mesodermal cells, definitivehemogenic endothelium, definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitorcells, CD34⁺ cells, multipotent progenitors (MPP), common lymphoidprogenitor cells, T cell progenitors, NK cell progenitors, pancreaticendoderm progenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, mesenchymalprogenitor cells, muscle progenitor cells, blast cells, or neuralprogenitor cells, and the fully differentiated somatic cells arehematopoietic cells, pancreatic beta cells, epithelial cells, endodermalcells, macrophages, hepatocytes, adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells,cardiomyocytes, or immune system cells.

In another method, Method 4, the present disclosure provides a method asprovided in any one of Methods 1-3, wherein the subject has, issuspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another method, Method 5, the present disclosure provides a method asprovided in any one of Methods 1-4, wherein the subject is human.

In another method, Method 6, the present disclosure provides an in vitromethod for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexcomprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting atarget site in a beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) gene locus; (b) a firstvector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) anucleotide sequence encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and a HLA-E trimer;(ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomicregion located left of the target site in the B2M gene locus; and (iii)a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomic regionlocated right of the target site in the B2M gene locus, wherein (i) isflanked by (ii) and (iii), wherein the B2M gene locus is cleaved at thetarget site and the nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequenceencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct is inserted into theB2M gene locus, thereby disrupting the B2M gene.

In another method, Method 7, the present disclosure provides an in vitromethod of Method 6, further comprising delivering to the cell: (c) asecond RNP complex comprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a gRNAtargeting a target site in a CIITA gene locus, (d) a second vectorcomprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotidesequence encoding a CAR; (ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located left of the target site in theCIITA gene locus, and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theCIITA gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii), and (e) athird RNP complex comprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targetinga target site in a ADAM17 gene locus, wherein the CIITA gene locus iscleaved at the target site and the nucleic acid comprising thenucleotide sequence encoding the CAR is inserted into the CIITA genelocus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene, and wherein the ADAM17 genelocus is cleaved at the target site and the ADAM17 gene is disrupted.

In another method, Method 8, the present disclosure provides an in vitromethod for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexcomprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting atarget site in a beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) gene locus, (b) a firstvector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) anucleotide sequence encoding a IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct,wherein the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct comprises a fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, a P2A peptide sequence, and a HLA-E trimer;(ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomicregion located left of the target site in the B2M gene locus; and (iii)a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomic regionlocated right of the target site in the B2M gene locus, wherein (i) isflanked by (ii) and (iii), (c) a second RNP complex comprising anRNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a CIITA genelocus, (d) a second vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acidcomprising: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR; (ii) a nucleotidesequence having sequence homology with a genomic region located left ofthe target site in the CIITA gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequencehaving sequence homology with a genomic region located right of thetarget site in the CIITA gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and(iii); and (e) a third RNP complex comprising an RNA-guided nuclease anda gRNA targeting a target site in a ADAM17 gene locus, wherein the B2Mgene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleic acid comprisingthe nucleotide sequence encoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimerconstruct is inserted into the B2M gene locus, thereby disrupting theB2M gene, wherein the CIITA gene locus is cleaved at the target site andthe nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the CAR isinserted into the CIITA gene locus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene,and wherein the ADAM17 gene locus is cleaved at the target site and theADAM17 gene is disrupted.

In another method, Method 9, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-8, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of B2M.

In another method, Method 10, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-9, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of CIITA.

In another method, Method 11, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-10, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of ADAM17.

In another method, Method 12, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-11, wherein the gRNA of the first RNPcomplex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of: SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:78, or SEQ ID NO:79.

In another method, Method 13, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-12, wherein the gRNA of the second RNPcomplex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, or SEQ ID NO: 17 and the gRNA of the third RNP complex comprises aspacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1,SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6,SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In another method, Method 14, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-13, wherein the gRNA of the first RNPcomplex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In another method, Method 15, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-14, wherein the gRNA of the second RNPcomplex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, or SEQ ID NO: 17, and the gRNA of the third RNP complex comprises aspacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1,SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6,SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In another method, Method 16, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-15, wherein the first vector is a plasmidvector.

In another method, Method 17, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-16, wherein the second vector is aplasmid vector.

In another method, Method 18, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-17, wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding the HLA-E trimer sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:75.

In another method, Method 19, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-18, wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding the IL15/IL15Rα sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 76.

In another method, Method 20, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-19, wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct consists essentiallyof SEQ ID NO: 77.

In another method, Method 21, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-20, wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding the IL15/IL15Rα-P2A-HLA-E trimer construct is operably linkedto an exogenous promoter.

In another method, Method 22, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-21, wherein the nucleotide sequenceencoding the CAR is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another method, Method 23, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 21 or 22, wherein the exogenous promoter isa CMV, EFla, PGK, CAG, or UBC promoter.

In another method, Method 24, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-23, wherein of the first RNP complexcomprises a molar ratio of RNA-guided nuclease to gRNA of 1:3.

In another method, Method 25, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-24, wherein each of the second RNPcomplex and third RNP complex comprises a molar ratio of RNA-guidednuclease to gRNA of 1:3.

In another method, Method 26, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-25, wherein the RNA-guided nuclease ofthe first RNP complex is a Cas9 nuclease.

In another method, Method 27, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 7-26, wherein each of the RNA-guidednuclease of the second RNP complex and the third RNP complex is a Cas9nuclease.

In another method, Method 28, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of Methods 26 or 27, wherein the Cas9 nuclease is linked to atleast one nuclear localization signal.

In another method, Method 29, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-28, wherein the cell is a stem cell.

In another method, Method 30, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of Method 29, wherein the stem cell is an embryonic stem cell, anadult stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, or a hematopoieticstem cell.

In another method, Method 31, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 29 or 30, wherein the stem cell is a humanstem cell.

In another method, Method 32, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-31, wherein the nucleotide sequence of(b)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 36, and the nucleotidesequence of (b)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In another method, Method 33, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod of any one of Methods 6-32, wherein the nucleotide sequence of(d)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 22, and the nucleotidesequence of (d)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In another method, Method 34, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first RNP complex comprising an RNA-guidednuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a CIITA gene locus, (b) afirst vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i)a nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR; (ii) a nucleotide sequence havingsequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target sitein the CIITA gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theCIITA gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii); and whereinthe CIITA gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleic acidcomprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the CAR is inserted into theCIITA gene locus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene.

In another method, Method 35, the present disclosure provides in vitromethod for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexcomprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting atarget site in a ADAM17 gene locus, (b) a second RNP complex comprisingan RNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a MHC-I orMHC-II human leukocyte antigen, or a component of, or a transcriptionalregulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex gene locus, (c) a first vectorcomprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotidesequence encoding a CAR; (ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located left of the target site in theMHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigen or the component of, or thetranscriptional regulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex gene locus; and(iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomicregion located right of the target site in the MHC-I or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigen, or the component of, or the transcriptional regulatorof, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii)and (iii), wherein the ADAM17 gene locus is cleaved at the target siteand the ADAM17 gene is disrupted, and wherein the MHC-I or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigen or a component or a transcriptional regulator of aMHC-I or MHC-II complex gene locus is cleaved at the target site and thenucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the CAR isinserted into the MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigen or thecomponent of, or the transcriptional regulator of, a MHC-I or MHC-IIcomplex gene locus, thereby disrupting the MHC-I or MHC-II humanleukocyte antigen or the component of, or the transcriptional regulatorof, a MHC-I or MHC-II complex gene.

In another composition, Composition 68, the present disclosure providesa plurality of engineered cells generated or obtainable by the method ofany one of Methods 6-35.

In another composition, Composition 69, the present disclosure providesa plurality of engineered cells of Composition 68 maintained for a timeand under conditions sufficient for the cells to undergodifferentiation.

In another composition, Composition 70, the present disclosure providesa plurality of engineered cells of Compositions 69 or 70 for use intreating a subject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 71, the present disclosure providesa plurality of cells for use of Composition 70, wherein the subject is ahuman who has, is suspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another method, Method 36, the present disclosure provides a methodcomprising administering to a subject the plurality of engineered cellsof Compositions 68 or 69.

In another method, Method 37, the present disclosure provides a methodfor treating of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a)obtaining or having obtained the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 68 following differentiation into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells, and (b)administering the lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells to the subject.

In another method, Method 38, the present disclosure provides a methodof obtaining cells for administration to a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising: (a) obtaining or having obtained the engineered cellsof Composition 68, and (b) maintaining the engineered cells for a timeand under conditions sufficient for the cells to differentiate intolineage-restricted progenitor cells or fully differentiated somaticcells.

In another method, Method 39, the present disclosure provides a methodof Method 37 or 38, wherein the lineage-restricted progenitor cells arehematopoietic progenitor cells, mesodermal cells, definitive hemogenicendothelium, definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, CD34⁺cells, multipotent progenitors (MPP), common lymphoid progenitor cells,T cell progenitors, NK cell progenitors, pancreatic endodermprogenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, mesenchymal progenitorcells, muscle progenitor cells, blast cells, or neural progenitor cells.

In another method, Method 40, the present disclosure provides the methodof Methods 37 or 38, wherein the fully differentiated somatic cells arehematopoietic cells, pancreatic beta cells, epithelial cells, endodermalcells, macrophages, hepatocytes, adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells,cardiomyocytes, or immune system cells.

In another method, Method 41, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 36-40, wherein the subject is a human who has, issuspected of having, or is at risk for cancer.

In another method, Method 42, the present disclosure provides the methodof Methods 41, wherein the subject has multiple myeloma. Hodgkin'slymphoma, lung cancer, leukemia, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NL), Chronic lymphocyticleukemia (C-CLL), T cell lymphoma, T cell leukemia, clear cell renalcell carcinoma (ccRCC), thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-smallcell lung (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer,glioblastoma, or cervical cancer.

In another composition, Composition 72, the present disclosure providesa guide RNA comprising a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4,SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, orSEQ ID NO: 10.

In another composition, Composition 73, the present disclosure providesa guide RNA comprising a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another method, Method 43, the present disclosure provides a methodfor generating Natural Killer (NK) cells from stem cells, the methodcomprising: (a) culturing a population of stem cells in a first mediumcomprising a ROCK inhibitor under conditions sufficient to formaggregates, (b) culturing the aggregates in a second medium comprisingBMP-4, (c) culturing the aggregates in a third medium comprising BMP-4,FGF2, a WNT pathway activator, and Activin A, (d) culturing theaggregates in a fourth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF, TPO, SCF, IL-3,FLT3L, WNT C-59 and an activin/nodal inhibitor to form a cell populationcomprising hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), (e)culturing the cell population in a fifth medium comprising FGF2, VEGF,TPO, SCF, IL-3 and FLT3L, (f) culturing the cell population in a sixthmedium comprising IL-3, IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 and SCF, (g) culturing thecell population in a seventh medium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15 andSCF; and, optionally (h) culturing the cell population in an eighthmedium comprising IL-7, FLT3L, IL-15, SCF and nicotinamide for a timesufficient to generate NK cells.

In another method, Method 44, the present disclosure provides the methodof Method 43, wherein the second medium further comprises a ROCKinhibitor.

In another method, Method 45, the present disclosure provides the methodof Method 43 or Method 44, wherein the ROCK inhibitor is thiazovivin orY27632.

In another method, Method 46, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-45, wherein the WNT pathway activator isCHIR-99021.

In another method, Method 47, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-46, wherein the activin/nodal inhibitor isSB-431542.

In another method, Method 48, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-47, wherein steps (a)-(g) occurs between 20-35days or steps (a)-(h) occurs between 24-36 days.

In another method, Method 49, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-48, wherein (a) comprises culturing for 12-48hours.

In another method, Method 50, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-49, wherein (b) comprises culturing for up to24 hours.

In another method, Method 51, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-50, wherein (c) comprises culturing for 1-3days.

In another method, Method 52, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-51, wherein (d) comprises culturing for 1-3days.

In another method, Method 53, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-52, wherein (e) comprises culturing for 1-3days.

In another method, Method 54, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-53, wherein (f) comprises culturing for up to 7days.

In another method, Method 55, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-54, wherein (g) comprises culturing for atleast 6 days and up to 21-28 days total; or wherein (g) comprisesculturing for up to 6 days and (h) comprises culturing for at least 6days and up to 10-16 days total.

In another method, Method 56, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-56, wherein: (a) comprises culturing for 16-20hours, (b) comprises culturing for 6-10 hours, (c) comprises culturingfor 2 days, (d) comprises culturing for 2 days, (e) comprises culturingfor 2 days, (f) comprises culturing for 4 days, (g) comprises culturingfor 14-28 days or (a) comprises culturing for 16-20 hours, (b) comprisesculturing for 6-10 hours, (c) comprises culturing for 2 days, (d)comprises culturing for 2 days, (e) comprises culturing for 2 days, (f)comprises culturing for 4 days, (g) comprises culturing for 6 days, and(h) comprises culturing for 10-16 days.

In another method, Method 57, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-56, wherein the method is carried out undersuspension agitation.

In another method, Method 58, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 57, wherein suspension agitation comprisesrotation.

In another method, Method 59, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-58, wherein the first media comprises StemFlexor StemBrew medium.

In another method, Method 60, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-59, wherein the second, third, fourth and fifthmedia comprise APEL medium.

In another method, Method 61, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-60, wherein the sixth and seventh mediacomprising DMEM/F12 medium.

In another method, Method 62, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-61, wherein the sixth and seventh mediacomprise (a) human serum, zinc sulfate, ethanolamine, β-mercaptoethanol,glucose, or any combination thereof or (b) human serum, zinc sulfate,ethanolamine, glucose, or any combination thereof, and/or the eighthmedium comprises human serum, zinc sulfate, ethanolamine, glucose, orany combination thereof.

In another method, Method 63, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 62, wherein the concentration of human serum is10-20%, 10%, 15% or 20%.

In another method, Method 64, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-63, wherein the first medium comprises 10 μM ofthe ROCK inhibitor.

In another method, Method 65, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-64, wherein the second medium comprises 30ng/mL BMP-4 and, optionally, 10 μM of a ROCK inhibitor.

In another method, Method 66, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-65, wherein the third medium comprises 30 ng/mLBMP-4, 100 ng/mL FGF2, 6 μM or 7 μM CHIR-99021, and 2.5-5 ng/mL ActivinA.

In another method, Method 67, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 66, wherein half of the third medium is added tothe stem cell aggregates.

In another method, Method 68, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-66, wherein the fourth and fifth media comprise20 ng/mL FGF, 20 ng/mL VEGF, 20 ng/mL TPO, 100 ng/mL SCF, 40 ng/mL IL-3,and 10-20 ng/mL FLT3L.

In another method, Method 69, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-68, wherein the fourth medium further comprises5 μM SB-431542 and, optionally, 2 μM WNT C-59.

In another method, Method 70, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-69, wherein the sixth and seventh mediacomprises 20 ng/mL IL-7, 10-20 ng/mL FLT3L, 10-20 ng/mL IL-15, and 20ng/mL SCF.

In another method, Method 71, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-70, wherein the sixth medium comprises 5 ng/mLIL-3.

In another method, Method 72, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-71, wherein the HSPCs of (d) express CD34.

In another method, Method 73, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-72, wherein the NK cells express CD56.

In another method, Method 74, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-73, wherein the NK cells express at least oneactivating receptor.

In another method, Method 75, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 74, wherein the at least one activating receptor isselected from the group of NKp44, NKp46, CD16, KIR2DL4, and anycombination thereof.

In another method, Method 76, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-75, wherein the NK cells express at least oneinhibitory receptor.

In another method, Method 77, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 76, wherein the at least one inhibitory receptor isselected from the group of CD94, NKG2A, KIR3DL2, and any combinationthereof.

In another method, Method 78, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-77, wherein the NK cells comprise at least onefunction associated with endogenous NK cells.

In another method, Method 79, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 78, wherein the at least one function comprises theability to induce cell lysis and cell death of a target cell.

In another method, Method 80, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 78 or 79, wherein the at least one functioncomprises degranulation.

In another method, Method 81, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Method 80, wherein degranulation comprises release ofperforin and granzyme B.

In another method, Method 82, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 80 or 81, wherein degranulation comprisesexpression of CD107a on the cell surface of an NK cell.

In another method, Method 83, the present disclosure provides the methodof any one of Methods 43-82, wherein the population of stem cells is apopulation of engineered cells.

In another composition, Composition 74, the present disclosure providesa population of engineered cells generated or obtainable by the methodof any one of Methods 6-35.

In another composition, Composition 75, the present disclosure providesa population of engineered cells is differentiated by the method of anyone of Methods 43-82.

In another composition, Composition 76, the present disclosure providesthe method of any one of Methods 43-82, wherein the population of stemcells is a population of engineered cells of Composition 75.

In another composition, Composition 77, the present disclosure providesa plurality of Natural Killer (NK) cells generated or obtainable by themethod of any one of Methods 43-83.

In another composition, Composition 78, the present disclosure providesthe plurality of engineered cells of Composition 77 for use in treatinga subject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 79, the present disclosure providesthe plurality of cells for use of Composition 78, wherein the subject isa human who has, is suspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another composition, Composition 80, the present disclosure providesa method comprising administering to a subject the plurality of NK cellsof Composition 77.

In another composition, Composition 81, the present disclosure providesan engineered cell comprising: (a) a disrupted B2M gene, and (b) a firstpolynucleotide and a second polynucleotide inserted in the disrupted B2Mgene, wherein (i) the first polynucleotide encodes SERPINB9 and (ii) thesecond polynucleotide encodes a fusion protein of Interleukin-15 (IL15)and Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (IL15Rα), wherein the cellexpresses SERPINB9 and the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα and thecell has a disrupted expression of B2M.

In another composition, Composition 82, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 81, wherein the disrupted expressionof B2M comprises reduced or eliminated expression of B2M.

In another composition, Composition 83, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 81 or 82, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct, whereinthe polynucleotide encoding the SERPINB9 is linked to the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα fusion by a 2A peptide coding sequence.

In another composition, Composition 84, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 83, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα is inserted in exon 1 of the B2Mgene locus.

In another composition, Composition 85, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-84, further comprisinga disrupted CIITA gene, wherein the cell has a disrupted expression ofCIITA.

In another composition, Composition 86, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 85, wherein the disrupted expressionof CIITA comprises reduced or eliminated expression of CIITA.

In another composition, Composition 87, the present disclosure provides170. The engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-86, furthercomprising an insertion of a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric antigenreceptor (CAR), wherein the cell expresses the CAR.

In another composition, Composition 88, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 87, wherein the CAR is inserted inthe disrupted CIITA gene.

In another composition, Composition 89, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 87 or 88, wherein the CAR isinserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 90, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 87-89, wherein thepolynucleotide encoding the CAR is linked to a polynucleotide encodingHLA-E by a 2A peptide coding sequence (CAR-P2A-HLA-E), and wherein thecell expresses the CAR and HLA-E.

In another composition, Composition 91, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-90, further comprisinga disrupted CISH gene, wherein the cell has a disrupted expression ofCISH.

In another composition, Composition 92, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 91, wherein the disrupted expressionof CISH comprises reduced or eliminated expression of CISH.

In another composition, Composition 93, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-92, further comprisinga disrupted FAS gene, wherein the cell has a disrupted expression ofFAS.

In another composition, Composition 94, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 93, wherein the disrupted expressionof FAS comprises reduced or eliminated expression of FAS.

In another composition, Composition 95, the present disclosure providesan engineered cell comprising: (a) a disrupted B2M gene, and (b) aninsertion of a first polynucleotide and a second polynucleotide,optionally wherein the first polynucleotide and the secondpolynucleotide are inserted in the disrupted B2M gene, wherein (i) thefirst polynucleotide encodes SERPINB9 and (ii) the second polynucleotideencodes a fusion protein of Interleukin-15 (1115) and Interleukin-15receptor subunit alpha (IL15Rα), (c) a disrupted CIITA gene, (d) aninsertion of a third polynucleotide encoding a CAR and a fourthpolynucleotide encoding HLA-E, optionally wherein the CAR and HLA-E areinserted in the disrupted CIITA gene, (e) a disrupted CISH gene, and (f)a disrupted FAS gene, wherein the cell expresses SERPINB9, the fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα, HLA-E, and the CAR, and the cell has adisrupted expression of B2M, CIITA, CISH, and FAS.

In another composition, Composition 96, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 95, wherein the disrupted expressionof B2M, CIITA, CISH, and FAS comprises reduced or eliminated expressionof B2M, CIITA, CISH, and FAS.

In another composition, Composition 97, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 95 or 96, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and second polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct, whereinthe polynucleotide encoding the SERPINB9 is linked to the polynucleotideencoding the IL15/IL15Rα fusion by a 2A peptide coding sequence.

In another composition, Composition 98, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 97, wherein the polynucleotideencoding the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct is inserted in exon 1 ofthe B2M gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 99, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 83-94, 97, and 98,wherein the polynucleotide encoding the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rαconstruct comprises a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In another composition, Composition 100, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 83-94 and 97-99, whereinSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another composition, Composition 101, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 100, wherein the exogenous promoteris a CAG, CMV, EF1α, PGK, or UBC promoter.

In another composition, Composition 102, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 100 or 101, wherein the exogenouspromoter is CAG and CAG-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα consists essentially ofSEQ ID NO: 138.

In another composition, Composition 103, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 95-102, wherein the thirdpolynucleotide and fourth polynucleotide are inserted as apolynucleotide encoding a CAR-P2A-HLA-E construct, wherein thepolynucleotide encoding the CAR is linked to the polynucleotide encodingthe HLA-E by a 2A peptide coding sequence

In another composition, Composition 104, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 103 wherein the CAR-P2A-HLA-Econstruct is inserted in exon 2 of the CIITA gene locus.

In another composition, Composition 105, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Composition 90-104, wherein the HLA-Eis an HLA-E trimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without a signal peptide.

In another composition, Composition 106, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 87-105 wherein the CAR isa CD30 CAR, a BCMA CAR, a GPC3 CAR, a CD19 CAR, a CD33 CAR, a NKG2D CAR,a CD70 CAR, an NKp30 CAR, a CD73 CAR, a GPR87 CAR, a L1V1A CAR, a A33CAR, a EGFR CAR, a CD20 CAR, or a SLC7AI1 CAR.

In another composition, Composition 107, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 87-106, wherein the CARcomprises an ectodomain that binds to CD30.

In another composition, Composition 108, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 107, wherein the ectodomain thatbinds CD30 comprises a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ IDNO: 111, or SEQ ID NO: 115.

In another composition, Composition 109, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 107 or 108, wherein thepolynucleotide encoding CAR-P2A-HLA-E comprises a polynucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, or SEQ ID NO: 121.

In another composition, Composition 110, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 90-94 and 103-109,wherein CAR-P2A-HLA-E is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another composition, Composition 111, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 110, wherein the exogenous promoteris a CAG, CMV, EF1α, PGK, or UBC promoter.

In another composition, Composition 112, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 110 or 111, wherein the exogenouspromoter is CAG and CAG-CAR-P2A-HLA-E consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:139, SEQ ID NO: 140, or SEQ ID NO: 141.

In another composition, Composition 113, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-112, wherein theengineered cell is a stem cell.

In another composition, Composition 114, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Compositions 113, wherein the stem cell is aninduced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), a hematopoietic stem cell, anembryonic stem cell, or an adult stem cell.

In another composition, Composition 115, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-114, wherein theengineered cell is a genome-edited iPSC.

In another composition, Composition 116, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-112, wherein theengineered cell is a natural killer (NK) cell obtained from agenome-edited iPSC.

In another composition, Composition 117, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-112, wherein theengineered cell is a differentiated cell or a somatic cell.

In another composition, Composition 118, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-112, wherein theengineered cell is capable of being differentiated intolineage-restricted progenitor cells or fully differentiated somaticcells.

In another composition, Composition 119, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-118, wherein theengineered cell is a natural killer (NK) cell.

In another composition, Composition 120, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of Composition 119, wherein the NK cell has beendifferentiated from a genome-edited iPSC, wherein the NK cell comprisesthe genome edits of the genome-edited iPSC, wherein the NK cell has notbeen genome-edited after the differentiation.

In another composition, Composition 121, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-120, wherein theengineered cell expresses at least one, two, three, four or five of thefollowing markers: CD56, NKp44, NKp46, CD94, NKG2A and KIR2DL4, andoptionally wherein the markers are expressed at least at 25%, 30%, 40%,50%, or 75% level relative to their expression in wild-type NK cells.

In another composition, Composition 122, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-121, wherein theengineered cell has at least one of the following characteristics, orany combination thereof: (i) an alloimmune T cell reaction of less than10% relative to an unmodified cell, and (ii) cytotoxic activityresulting in killing more than 50% of target cells when the engineeredcells are mixed with the target cells at the ratio of 1:1; (iii) atleast 50% increase in cellular viability relative to an unmodified cell.

In another composition, Composition 123, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Composition 81-122, wherein theengineered cell has at least one of the following characteristics, orany combination thereof: (i) improved persistency, (ii) improved immuneevasiveness, (iii) improved cytotoxic activity, (iv) improved ADCCactivity, and (v) improved anti-tumor activity; wherein thecharacteristics are improved relative to a wild-type cell, optionally,relative to a wild-type iPSC or a wild-type NK cell.

In another composition, Composition 124, the present disclosure providesthe engineered cell of any one of Compositions 81-123, wherein theengineered cell is capable of cell expansion in the absence of exogenousIL15 in cell culture media.

In another composition, Composition 125, the present disclosure providesa plurality of engineered cells according to any one of Compositions 81to 124.

In another composition, Composition 126, the present disclosure providesa population of lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells derived from the plurality of engineeredcells of Composition 125.

In another composition, Composition 127, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of Composition 126, wherein thelineage-restricted progenitor cells are hematopoietic progenitor cells,mesodermal cells, definitive hemogenic endothelium, definitivehematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, CD34⁺ cells, multipotentprogenitors (MPP), common lymphoid progenitor cells, T cell progenitors,NK cell progenitors, pancreatic endoderm progenitors, pancreaticendocrine progenitors, mesenchymal progenitor cells, muscle progenitorcells, blast cells, or neural progenitor cells, and the fullydifferentiated somatic cells are hematopoietic cells, pancreatic betacells, epithelial cells, endodermal cells, macrophages, hepatocytes,adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, or immune systemcells.

In another composition, Composition 128, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of Composition 127, wherein the hematopoieticcells are NK cells, T cells, B cells, or NKT cells.

In another composition, Composition 129, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of Composition 128, wherein the hematopoieticcells are human NK cells.

In another composition, Composition 130, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of any one of Compositions 126-129, wherein atleast 25% or at least 50% of engineered cells of the population expressthe CAR, HLA-E, and/or the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα.

In another composition, Composition 131, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of any one of Compositions 126-130, wherein atleast 50% of engineered cells of the population do not express adetectable level of B2M protein, CIITA protein, and/or ADAM17 protein.

In another composition, Composition 132, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of any one of Composition 129-131, whereinengineered human NK cells of the population, when co-cultured in vitrowith a population of cancer cells, induce cell lysis of at least 70%, atleast 80%, or at least 90% of the population of cancer cells.

In another composition, Composition 133, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of any one of Compositions 129-132, whereinengineered human NK cells of the population, when co-cultured in vitrowith a population of cancer cells, secrete IFNγ.

In another composition, Composition 134, the present disclosure providesthe population of cells of Compositions 132 or 133, wherein the ratio ofengineered human NK cells to cancer cells is 0.1:1 to 2:1.

In another composition, Composition 135, the present disclosure providesa composition comprising the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 125 or the population of cells of any one of Composition126-134.

In another composition, Composition 136, the present disclosure providesthe composition of Composition 135 for use in treating a subject in needthereof.

In another composition, Composition 137, the present disclosure providesthe composition of Composition 135 for use in treating cancer in asubject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 138, the present disclosure providesthe composition or Composition 137, wherein the subject has multiplemyeloma. Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, leukemia, B-cell acutelymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NL),Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL), T cell lymphoma, T cell leukemia,clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), thyroid cancer, nasopharyngealcancer, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma,ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, or cervical cancer.

In another composition, Composition 139, the present disclosure providesthe composition of any one of Compositions 136-138, wherein the subjectis human.

In another method, Method 84, the present disclosure provides a methodof obtaining cells for administration to a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising: (a) obtaining or having obtained the plurality ofengineered cells of Composition 125, and (b) maintaining the pluralityof engineered cells for a time and under conditions sufficient for thecells to differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells.

In another method, Method 85, the present disclosure provides a methodfor treating of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a)obtaining or having obtained the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 125 following differentiation into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells; and (b)administering the lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells to the subject.

In another method, Method 86, the present disclosure provides the methodof Methods 84 or 85, wherein the lineage-restricted progenitor cells arehematopoietic progenitor cells, mesodermal cells, definitive hemogenicendothelium, definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, CD34⁺cells, multipotent progenitors (MPP), common lymphoid progenitor cells,T cell progenitors, NK cell progenitors, pancreatic endodermprogenitors, pancreatic endocrine progenitors, mesenchymal progenitorcells, muscle progenitor cells, blast cells, or neural progenitor cells,and the fully differentiated somatic cells are hematopoietic cells,pancreatic beta cells, epithelial cells, endodermal cells, macrophages,hepatocytes, adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, orimmune system cells.

In another method, Method 87, the present disclosure provides the methodthe method of any one of Methods 84-86, wherein the subject has, issuspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another method, Method 88, the present disclosure provides the methodthe method of any one of Methods 84-87, wherein the subject is human.

In another method, Method 89, the present disclosure provides an invitro method for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first RNP complex comprising an RNA-guidednuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a B2M gene locus; and (b)a first vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising:(i) nucleotide sequence encoding a SERPINB9 and a nucleotide sequenceencoding an IL15/IL15Rα fusion; (ii) a nucleotide sequence havingsequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target sitein the B2M gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theB2M gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii); wherein theB2M gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotidesequences encoding the SERPINB9 and the IL15/IL15Rα fusion are insertedinto the B2M gene locus, thereby disrupting the B2M gene.

In another method, Method 90, the present disclosure provides the method229 the in vitro method of Method 89, wherein the gRNA of the first RNPcomplex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of: SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 78, or SEQ ID NO: 79,optionally a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 34.

In another method, Method 91, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of 89 or 90, wherein the engineered cell has reduced oreliminated expression of B2M.

In another method, Method 92, the present disclosure provides the methodthe in vitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 91, wherein thenucleotide sequence of (b)(i) comprises the nucleotide sequence encodingthe SERPINB9 linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a P2A peptidesequence linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the IL15/IL15Rαfusion (SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα).

In another method, Method 93, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 92, wherein SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα consistsessentially of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In another method, Method 94, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 92 or 93, wherein SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα isoperably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another method, Method 95, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 94, wherein the exogenous promoter is CAG(CAG-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα), and CAG-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rαconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 138.

In another method, Method 96, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 94, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (b)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 36, and thenucleotide sequence of (b)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In another method, Method 97, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 96, wherein the first vectorconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 148.

In another method, Method 98, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 97, further comprisingdelivering to the cell: (c) a second RNP complex comprising anRNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a CIITA genelocus, (d) a second vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acidcomprising: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a CAR and a nucleotidesequence encoding a HLA-E trimer; (ii) a nucleotide sequence havingsequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target sitein the CIITA gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theCIITA gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii), and whereinthe CIITA gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotidesequences encoding the CAR and the HLA-E trimer are inserted into theCIITA gene locus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene.

In another method, Method 99, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 98, wherein the gRNA of the second RNP complexcomprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting ofany one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-17, optionally a spacer sequence correspondingto a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13.

In another method, Method 100, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 98 or 99, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of CIITA.

In another method, Method 101, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98 to 100, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (d)(i) comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding the CARlinked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a P2A peptide sequence linkedto the nucleotide sequence encoding the HLA-E trimer.

In another method, Method 102, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98 to 101, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (d)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 22, and thenucleotide sequence of (d)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In another method, Method 103, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 102, further comprisingdelivering to the cell a third RNP complex comprising an RNA-guidednuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a CISH gene locus.

In another method, Method 104, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 103, wherein the gRNA of the third RNP complexcomprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting ofSEQ ID NOS: 81-92, optionally a spacer sequence corresponding to asequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 82.

In another method, Method 105, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 103 or 104, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of CISH.

In another method, Method 106, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 105, further comprisingdelivering to the cell a fourth RNP complex comprising an RNA-guidednuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a FAS gene locus.

In another method, Method 107, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 106, wherein the gRNA of the fourth RNP complexcomprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting ofany one of SEQ ID NOS: 35, 37, 38, 39, 53, 55, and 80, optionally aspacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In another method, Method 108, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 106 or 107, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of FAS.

In another method, Method 109, the present disclosure provides an invitro method for generating an engineered cell, the method comprisingdelivering to a cell: (a) a first RNP complex comprising an RNA-guidednuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a B2M gene locus, (b) afirst vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i)nucleotide sequence encoding a SERPINB9 and a nucleotide sequenceencoding an IL15/IL15Rα fusion; (ii) a nucleotide sequence havingsequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target sitein the B2M gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located right of the target site in theB2M gene locus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii), (c) a secondRNP complex comprising an RNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targeting atarget site in a CIITA gene locus; and (d) a second vector comprising anucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotide sequenceencoding a CAR and a nucleotide sequence encoding a HLA-E trimer; (ii) anucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomic regionlocated left of the target site in the CIITA gene locus; and (iii) anucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomic regionlocated right of the target site in the CIITA gene locus, wherein (i) isflanked by (ii) and (iii), (e) a third RNP complex comprising anRNA-guided nuclease and a gRNA targeting a target site in a CISH genelocus, and (f) a fourth RNP complex comprising an RNA-guided nucleaseand a gRNA targeting a target site in a FAS gene locus, wherein the B2Mgene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequencesencoding the SERPINB9 and the IL15/IL15Rα fusion are inserted into theB2M gene locus, thereby disrupting the B2M gene, wherein the CIITA genelocus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequencesencoding the CAR and the HLA-E trimer are inserted into the CIITA genelocus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene, wherein the CISH gene locus iscleaved at the target site, thereby disrupting the CISH gene and whereinthe FAS gene locus is cleaved at the target sire, thereby disrupting theFAS gene.

In another method, Method 110, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 109, wherein the gRNA of the first RNP complexcomprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of:SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 78, or SEQ ID NO: 79, optionally a spacersequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In another method, Method 111, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 109 or 110, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of B2M.

In another method, Method 112, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109-111, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (b)(i) comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding theSERPINB9 linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a P2A peptide sequencelinked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the IL15/IL15Rα fusion(SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα).

In another method, Method 113, the present disclosure provides themethod the in vitro method of Method 112, whereinSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In another method, Method 114, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 112 or 113, wherein SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα isoperably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another method, Method 115, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 114, wherein the exogenous promoter is CAG(CAG-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα), and CAG-SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rαconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 138.

In another method, Method 116, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109 to 115, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (b)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 36, and thenucleotide sequence of (b)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In another method, Method 117, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109 to 116, wherein the first vectorconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 148.

In another method, Method 118, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109 to 117, wherein the gRNA of thesecond RNP complex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to asequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-17, optionally a spacersequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13.

In another method, Method 119, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 118, wherein the engineered cell has reduced oreliminated expression of CIITA.

In another method, Method 120, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109 to 119, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (d)(i) comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding the CARlinked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a P2A peptide sequence linkedto the nucleotide sequence encoding the HLA-E trimer.

In another method, Method 121, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109 to 120, wherein the nucleotidesequence of (d)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 22, and thenucleotide sequence of (d)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In another method, Method 122, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98-121, wherein the HLA-E is an HLA-Etrimer comprising a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentationpeptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to the HLA-E proteinwithout a signal peptide.

In another method, Method 123, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98-122, wherein the CAR is a CD30CAR, a BCMA CAR, a GPC3 CAR, a CD19 CAR, a CD33 CAR, a NKG2D CAR, a CD70CAR, an NKp30 CAR, a CD73 CAR, a GPR87 CAR, a L1V1A CAR, a A33 CAR, aEGFR CAR, a CD20 CAR, or a SLC7A11 CAR.

In another method, Method 124, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98-123, wherein the CAR comprises anectodomain that binds to CD30.

In another method, Method 125, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 124, wherein the ectodomain that binds CD30comprises a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 111,or SEQ ID NO: 115.

In another method, Method 126, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 124 or 125, wherein the polynucleotide encodingCAR-P2A-HLA-E comprises a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQID NO: 120, or SEQ ID NO: 121.

In another method, Method 127, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 101-108 and 120-126, whereinCAR-P2A-HLA-E is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.

In another method, Method 128, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 127, wherein the exogenous promoter is a CAG,CMV, EF1α, PGK, or UBC promoter.

In another method, Method 129, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109-128, wherein the gRNA of thethird RNP complex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to asequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 81-92, optionally a spacersequence corresponding to a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 82.

In another method, Method 130, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 129, wherein the engineered cell has reduced oreliminated expression of CISH.

In another method, Method 131, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 109-130, wherein the gRNA of thefourth RNP complex comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to asequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 35, 37, 38, 39, 53, 55,and 80, optionally a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In another method, Method 132, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 131, wherein the engineered cell has reduced oreliminated expression of FAS.

In another method, Method 133, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98-132, wherein the first vector is aplasmid vector, wherein the first vector consists essentially of SEQ IDNO: 148.

In another method, Method 134, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 98-133, wherein the second vector isa plasmid vector, wherein the second vector consists essentially of SEQID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 114, or SEQ ID NO: 118.

In another method, Method 135, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 135, wherein the RNA-guidednuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.

In another method, Method 136, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 135, wherein the Cas9 nuclease is linked to atleast one nuclear localization signal.

In another method, Method 137, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of any one of Methods 89 to 136, wherein the cell is a stemcell.

In another method, Method 138, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Method 137, wherein the stem cell is an embryonic stemcell, an adult stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, or ahematopoietic stem cell.

In another method, Method 139, the present disclosure provides the invitro method of Methods 137 or 138, wherein the stem cell is a humanstem cell.

In another composition, Composition 140, the present disclosure providesa plurality of engineered cells generated or obtainable by the method ofany one of Methods 89 to 139.

In another composition, Composition 141, the present disclosure providesthe plurality of engineered cells of Composition 140 maintained for atime and under conditions sufficient for the cells to undergodifferentiation.

In another composition, Composition 142, the present disclosure providesthe plurality of engineered cells of Compositions 140 or 141 for use intreating a subject in need thereof.

In another composition, Composition 143, the present disclosure providesthe plurality of cells for use of Composition 142, wherein the subjectis a human who has, is suspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another method, Method 140, the present disclosure provides a methodcomprising administering to a subject the plurality of engineered cellsof Compositions 140 or 141.

In another method, Method 141, the present disclosure provides a methodfor treating of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a)obtaining or having obtained the plurality of engineered cells ofComposition 140 following differentiation into lineage-restrictedprogenitor cells or fully differentiated somatic cells, and (b)administering the lineage-restricted progenitor cells or fullydifferentiated somatic cells to the subject.

In another method, Method 142, the present disclosure provides a methodof obtaining cells for administration to a subject in need thereof, themethod comprising: (a) obtaining or having obtained the engineered cellsof Composition 140, and (b) maintaining the engineered cells for a timeand under conditions sufficient for the cells to differentiate intolineage-restricted progenitor cells or fully differentiated somaticcells.

In another method, Method 143, the present disclosure provides themethod of Methods 141 or 142, wherein the lineage-restricted progenitorcells are hematopoietic progenitor cells, mesodermal cells, definitivehemogenic endothelium, definitive hematopoietic stem or progenitorcells, CD34⁺ cells, multipotent progenitors (MPP), common lymphoidprogenitor cells, T cell progenitors, NK cell progenitors, definitiveendoderm, hepatoblasts, pancreatic endoderm progenitors, pancreaticendocrine progenitors, mesenchymal progenitor cells, muscle progenitorcells, blast cells, or neural progenitor cells, and the fullydifferentiated somatic cells are hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes,pancreatic beta cells, epithelial cells, endodermal cells, macrophages,hepatocytes, adipocytes, kidney cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, orimmune system cells.

In another method, Method 144, the present disclosure provides themethod of any one of Methods 139 to 143, wherein the subject is a humanwho has, is suspected of having, or is at risk for a cancer.

In another method, Method 145, the present disclosure provides themethod of Method 143, wherein the subject has multiple myeloma.Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, leukemia, B-cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia (B-ALL), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NL), Chroniclymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL), T cell lymphoma, T cell leukemia, clearcell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), thyroid cancer, nasopharyngealcancer, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer,melanoma, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, or cervical cancer.

In another composition, Composition 144, the present disclosure providesa gRNA comprising a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 35, 37, 38, 39, 53, 55, and 80.

In another composition, Composition 145, the present disclosure providesa gRNA comprising a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 81-92.

In another composition, Composition 146, the present disclosure providesa gRNA comprising a spacer sequence corresponding to a sequenceconsisting of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 93-101.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Cell Maintenance and Expansion

Maintenance of hiPSCs. Cells of human induced pluripotent stem cell(hiPSC) line were maintained in STEMFLEX™ Complete media (LifeTechnologies, A3349401) with single cell passaging using ACCUTASE®(Stemcell Technologies 07920 or equivalent) on BIOLAMININ 521 LN(LN521), BIOLAMININ 511 LN (LN511), or Recombinant Laminin iMatrix-511E8 (AMSBIO, AMS.892 011). For passaging, 1% REVITACELL™ Supplement(100×) was added.

Single cell cloning of hPSCs. For single cell cloning, hiPSCs were fedwith STEMFLEX™ Complete media (Life Technologies, A3349401) with 1%REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) (ThermoFisher Cat #A2644501). Followingdissociation with ACCUTASE®, the cells were sorted as a single cell perwell of a pre-coated plate. The 96 well plates were pre-coated with a1:10 or a 1:20 dilution of BIOLAMININ 521 LN (LN521) in DPBS, calcium,magnesium (Life Technologies, 14040133) for 2 hours at 37° C. The WOLFFACS-sorter (Nanocellect) was used to sort single cells into the wells.The plates were pre-filled with 100-200 μL of STEMFLEX™ Complete withREVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and 4 μL/mL of Recombinant LamininiMatrix-511 E8 (AMSBIO, AMS.892 011). Three days post cell seeding, thecells were fed with fresh STEMFLEX™ and continued to be fed every otherday with 100-200 μL of media. After 10 days of growth, the cells werefed daily with STEMFLEX™ until day 12-16. At this time, the plates weredissociated with ACCUTASE® and the collected cell suspensions were split1:2 with half going into a new 96 well plate for maintenance and halfgoing into a DNA extraction solution QuickExtract™ DNA ExtractionSolution (Lucigen). Following DNA extraction, PCR was performed toassess presence or absence of desired gene edits at the targeted DNAlocus. Sanger sequencing was used to verify desired knock-out (KO)edits.

Expansion of single cell derived hiPSCs clones. Successfully targetedclones were passaged from 96-well plates to 24-well plates usingSTEMFLEX™ and BIOLAMININ 521 or Recombinant Laminin iMatrix-511 E8 and1% REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×). Following expansion in 24-well plates,the cells were passaged onto 6-well plates and then T25 and larger flaskformats.

Example 2: Differentiating Stem Cells into Natural Killer Cells—Protocol1

Protocol 1 was utilized to differentiate stem cells, such as wild-typeand/or edited induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, into hematopoieticstem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and then into natural killer (NK)cells. Prior to differentiation, frozen iPS cells were thawed andre-suspended in NK-MED-001 medium (Table 1). Flasks pre-coated withlaminin-521 were used for cell culturing. Medium was changed daily usingNK-MED-002 (Table 2) medium until cells were used for differentiation.

NK Cell Differentiation. iPS cells were differentiated using thefollowing steps:

Day-1 (afternoon), iPSC aggregation: NK-MED-002 (Table 2) medium wasaspirated from flasks containing iPSC and the cells were washed withDPBS (no calcium, no magnesium) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 14190250).DPBS was aspirated and 2 mL ACCUTASE® (Innovative Cell Technologies,AT-104) was added per T25 flask (or 80 μL of ACCUTASE® per 1 cm²). Cellswere incubated at 37° C. for 3-5 min or until all the colonies detached.Accutase digested cells were diluted with NK-MED-002 medium to a ratioof at least 3:1 (NK-MED-002:ACCUTASE®). Cells were gently resuspendedand transferred to a conical tube. Enough NK-MED-002 medium was added tocells to dilute the ACCUTASE® to a ratio of 4:1 (NK-MED-002:ACCUTASE®).Cells were pelleted and re-suspended in 10 ml of NK-MED-003 medium(Table 3). Cells were counted and the cell concentration was diluted to1×10⁶/mL. 6×10⁶ cells were transferred to another tube and resuspendedin a total of 6 mL of NK-MED-003 medium. The cells were transferred to 1well of ultra-low adhesion 6-well plate (Corning, 3471) and the platewas placed on a platform shaker and rotated at 98 RPM for 18+/−2 hours(overnight).

2. At day 0, morning, at 18+/−2 hours after iPSC aggregation: The platewas rotated in a circular motion to move aggregates towards center ofthe well and aggregates were collected in a conical tube. Alternatively,all the aggregate solution mix was collected. Aggregates were allowed tosettle for 15+/−5 minutes. Cells were resuspended in NK-MED-004 medium(Table 4). The cell number in aggregates was counted. The seedingdensity was adjusted as needed to resuspend 3×10⁵ cells in aggregates in2 mL NK-MED-004 medium and plated in one well of a 6-well low adhesionplate. Alternatively, for scale up, an appropriate number of cells wasresuspended and transferred to a PBS spinner vessel (PBS Biotech).Seeding density tested for PBS seeding vessel was approximately1-1.2×10⁵ cells per mL per final media volume (day 0+8 hrs). The platewas placed on a platform shaker and rotated at 98 RPM for 8 hours or thePBS spinner vessel were placed on a PBS base (PBS-MINI MagDrive BaseUnit; PBS Biotech), in CO₂ incubator with a rotation speed of RPM 38 to39.

3. At day 0, afternoon, at 8 hours after NK-MED-004 medium addition: 2mL per well of NK-MED-005 medium (Table 5) was added or scaled up forPBS spinner vessels. The plate was returned to platform shaker or PBSspinner vessel to its base in the CO₂ incubator and left undisturbeduntil day 2. NK-MED-005 medium components were 2× of their finalconcentration, therefore it was added to cells in NK-MED-004 at a 1:1volume ratio.

4. At day 2: NK-MED-005 medium was replaced with NK-MED-006 medium(Table 6).

5. At day 4: NK-MED-006 medium was replaced with NK-MED-007 medium(Table 7).

6. At day 6: Starting at day 6, medium with all aggregates and singlecells was transferred into an appropriate volume centrifuge conicaltube. Cells were centrifuged and resuspended in NK-MED-008 medium (Table8) and placed back into original wells and onto platform shaker, or intooriginal vessels and onto base, and returned for continued culture.

7. At day 10: Half media change was made with NK-MED-008 medium.

8. At day 14: Full media change was made with NK-MED-009 medium (Table9).

9. From day 17 onwards: Starting at day 17 (and at day 20, and every 2to 3 days from day 20 onwards), single cell density was estimated fromcell culture. If cell density exceeded 3×10⁶, cells were diluted to1-2×10⁶ either by topping up cultures with fresh NK-MED-009 medium or bya complete medium change if medium color has completely turned yellow.Representative culture samples were harvested at day 6, day 10, day 14,day 17, day 20, and day 28 for FACS and TruSeq analysis to monitordifferentiation of the cells.

In the tables below, the volumes are approximate to get the desiredconcentration.

TABLE 1 Medium composition for NK-MED-001 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMFLEX ™ Basal 90% 900 mL 100% (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)STEMFLEX ™ Supplement 1 X 100 mL 10 X (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)Thiazovivin 2 μM 200 μL 10 mM (Biological Industry, 1226056-71-8)

TABLE 2 Medium composition for NK-MED-002 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMFLEX ™ Basal 90% 900 mL 100% (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)STEMFLEX ™ Supplement 1 X 100 mL 10 X (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)

TABLE 3 Medium composition for NK-MED-003 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMFLEX ™ Basal 90% 899 mL 100% (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)STEMFLEX ™ Supplement 1 X 100 mL 10 X (Thermo Fisher, A3349401)Thiazovivin 10 μM 1000 μL 10 mM (Biological Industry, 1226056-71-8)

TABLE 4 Medium composition for NK-MED-004 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 999 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh BMP-4 30 ng/mL  300 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,120-05ET) Thiazovivin 10 μM 1000 μL 10 mM (Biological Industry,1226056-71-8)

TABLE 5 Medium composition for NK-MED-005 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 998 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh BMP-4  30 ng/mL  300 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,120-05ET) rh FGF2 100 ng/mL 1000 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 100-18C-1MG)CHIR 99021 6 μM  600 μL 10 mM (Selleckchem, S1263) Activin-A 5 ng/mL 100 μL  50 μg/mL (R&D Systems, 338-AC-01M/CF

TABLE 6 Medium composition for NK-MED-006 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 997 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh FGF2  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-18C-1MG) rh VEGF165  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-20-1MG) rh TPO  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-18) rhSCF 100 ng/mL 1000 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07) rh IL-3  40 ng/mL 400 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh Flt3L  20 ng/mL  200 μL100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) WNT C-59 2 μM  200 μL 10 mM (Selleckchem,S7037) SB431542 5 μM  500 μL 10 mM (Selleckchem, S1067)

TABLE 7 Medium composition for NK-MED-007 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 998 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh FGF2  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-18C-1MG rh VEGF165  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-20-1MG) rh TPO  20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-18) rhSCF 100 ng/mL 1000 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07) rh IL-3  40 ng/mL 400 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh Flt3L  20 ng/mL  200 μL100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19)

TABLE 8 Medium composition for NK-MED-008 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. DMEM (high glucose, GlutaMAX) 55.47%  555 mL 100% (ThermoFisher, 10566016) F-12 with GlutaMAX 27.74%  277 mL 100% (Thermo Fisher,31765035) GlutaMAX 1 X   10 mL 100 X (Thermo Fisher, 35050079) Glucose*10.25 mM  4.1 mL 2500 mM Human AB serum   15%  150 mL 100% (ValleyBiomedical Inc, HP1022) Zinc sulfate 37 μM  978 μL  37 mM (MilliporeSigma, Z0251) Ethanolamine 50 μM   3 μL 16.6 M (Millipore Sigma, E0135)Ascorbic acid 20 μg/mL 2000 μL 10 mg/mL (Fisher Scientific, NC0762606)Sodium selenite  5 ng/mL  50 μL 100 μg/mL (Millipore Sigma, S9133-1MG)β-mercaptoethanol  1 μM  18 μL  55 mM (Thermo Fisher, 21985-023) rh IL-3 5 ng/mL  50 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh IL-7 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-07) rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL  150 μL 100μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) rh IL-15 15 ng/mL  150 μL 100 μg/mL(Peprotech, 200-15) rh SCF 20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,300-07) *Total glucose concentration in medium is 27 mM (accounting forglucose in DMEM medium, F12 supplement and added glucose provided here).

TABLE 9 Medium composition for NK-MED-009 Working Stock Component Conc.Volume Conc. DMEM (high glucose, GlutaMAX) 55.47%  555 mL 100% (ThermoFisher, 10566016) F-12 with GlutaMAX 27.74%  277 mL 100% (Thermo Fisher,31765035) GlutaMAX 1 X   10 mL 100 X (Thermo Fisher, 35050079) Glucose*10.25 mM  4.1 mL 2500 mM Human AB serum   15%  150 mL 100% (ValleyBiomedical Inc, HP1022) Zinc sulfate 37 μM  978 μL  37 mM (MilliporeSigma, Z0251) Ethanolamine 50 μM   3 μL 16.6 M (Millipore Sigma, E0135)Ascorbic acid 20 μg/mL 2000 μL 10 mg/mL (Fisher Scientific, NC0762606)Sodium selenite  5 ng/mL  50 μL 100 μg/mL (Millipore Sigma, S9133-1MG)β-mercaptoethanol 1 μM  18 μL  55 mM (Thermo Fisher, 21985-023) rh IL-720 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-07) rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL  150 μL100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) rh IL-15 15 ng/mL  150 μL 100 μg/mL(Peprotech, 200-15) rh SCF 20 ng/mL  200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,300-07) *Total glucose concentration in medium is 27 mM (accounting forglucose in DMEM medium, F12 supplement and added glucose provided here).

Example 3: Differentiating Stem Cells into Natural Killer Cells—Protocol1.5

Protocol 1.5 was utilized to differentiate stem cells, such as wild-typeand/or edited iPS cells, into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells(HSPCs) and then into natural killer (NK) cells. iPS cells were culturedin STEMFLEX™ (SF) (Thermo Fisher, A3349401) media prior to beginningdifferentiation. iPS cells were differentiated using the followingsteps. Media used throughout is shown in Tables 10-11:

Day-1 (afternoon): STEMFLEX™ media (SF) was aspirated and cells werewashed with DPBS (no calcium, no magnesium) (Thermo Fisher Scientific,14190250). DPBS was aspirated and 2 mL pre-warmed ACCUTASE® (InnovativeCell Technologies, AT-104) was added per flask (scale up if needed: 80μL of ACCUTASE® per 1 cm²). Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 3-5minutes or until all the colonies detached. Accutase digested cells werediluted with SF for a ratio of 3:1 (SF:ACCUTASE®). Cells were gentlypipetted 2-3 times with a serological pipet until cells detached. Cellswere transferred to a conical tube and the plate was rinsed with SF, therinse was added to the same tube. Enough SF was added to cells to dilutethe ACCUTASE® to a ratio of 4:1 (SF:ACCUTASE®). Cells were spun for 5minutes at 300 g. Supernatant was aspirated and cells were re-suspendedin SF. Cells were counted. The cell concentration was adjusted to1×10⁶/mL by transferring 6×10⁶ cells to another tube, resuspended intotal 6 mL of NK-MED-003 medium. Cells were transferred to 1 well ofultra-low adhesion 6-well plate (Corning, 3471). The plate was placed ona horizontal orbital shaker.

2. Day 0 (morning): 16 hours later: Start differentiation: The plate wasrotated in a circular motion to move aggregates towards center of thewell, and aggregates were collected and transferred to a conical tube.The aggregates were allowed to settle. Aggregates were resuspended inNK-MED-004 medium (2 mL per aggregated well). Cell number in aggregateswas counted. The cells in aggregates density was adjusted byresuspending 3×10⁵ cells in aggregates in 2 mL APEL-B media and platedin 1 well of a 6-well low adhesion plate. The plate was placed on ahorizontal orbital shaker and rotated for 8 hours.

3. Day 0 (afternoon, following 8 hours of pre-incubation): 2 mL per wellof NK-MED-005 medium was added per well. The plate was returned to theorbital shaker and left untouched until day 2.

4. Day 2: NK-MED-006 was replaced with A-FVTSIF-SW media.

5. Day 4: NK-MED-007 media was replaced with A-FVTSIF media.

6. Day 6: Using this method, single cells (HSPCs) started emerging atday 5-6. Media with all embryoid bodies (EBs) and single cells weretransferred into an appropriate volume centrifuge conical tube andcentrifuged. For 6-well plates: EBs from each well were resuspended in 3mL of DF-NK+IL3 media (Table 10) and transferred into their originalwells. The plate was returned to the orbital shaker.

7. Day 10: 6-well plates: 3 mL of DF-NK+IL3 media was added to each wellon top of the original media and then returned to orbital shaker.

8. Day 14: Full media change. Transfer cells to DF-NK media (Table 11),no IL3 was added from this point. Media with all EBs and single cellswas transferred into a centrifuge conical tube and centrifuged.Supernatant was removed. 6-well plates: EBs from each well wereresuspended in 3 mL of DF-NK media and transferred into their originalwells.

9. Days 14-28: Every 3-4 days media was topped off with 3 mL of freshDF-NK media, then 3-4 days later spent media was replaced with 3 mL offresh DF-NK media by collecting the cells in a conical tube andcentrifuging. Representative culture samples were harvested at days 6,10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 for FACS and TruSeq analysis to monitordifferentiation of the cells.

TABLE 10 DF-NK + IL3 Media Working Stock Component Conc. Volume Conc.Vendor Item# DMEM Ratio 2 to 558 100% Thermo Fisher 10566016 (highglucose, F12 Scientific GlutaMAX) F-12 with Ratio 1 to 279 100% ThermoFisher 31765035 GlutaMAX DMEM Scientific GlutaMAX 1X 10 mL 100X Human AB15% 150 mL 100% Valley HP1022 serum Biomedical Inc Ascorbic acid 20μg/mL 2000 μL 10 mg/mL MilliporeSigma Sodium selenite 5 ng/mL 50 μL 100μg/mL MilliporeSigma rh IL-3 5 ng/mL 50 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech 200-03 rhIL-7 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech 200-07 rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL 150 μL100 μg/mL PeproTech 300-19 rh IL-15 15 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech200-15 rh SCF 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech 300-07

TABLE 11 DF-NK Media Working Stock Component Conc. Volume Conc. VendorItem# DMEM Ratio 2 to 558 100% Thermo Fisher 10566016 (high glucose, F12Scientific GlutaMAX) F-12 with Ratio 1 to 279 100% Thermo Fisher31765035 GlutaMAX DMEM Scientific GlutaMAX 1X 10 mL 100X Human AB 15%150 mL 100% Valley HP1022 serum Biomedical Inc Ascorbic acid 20 μg/mL2000 μL 10 mg/mL MilliporeSigma Sodium selenite 5 ng/mL 50 μL 100 μg/mLMilliporeSigma rh IL-3 rh IL-7 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech200-07 rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech 300-19 rh IL-15 15ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL PeproTech 200-15 rh SCF 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mLPeproTech 300-07

Example 4: Generation of ADAM17-Null Human Pluripotent Stem Cells(hPSCs)

Guide RNA (gRNA) Selection for ADAM17 in hPSCs.

Ten ADAM17 targeting gRNAs were designed for targeting exon 1 of theADAM17 coding sequence. These gRNAs had predicted low off-target scoresbased on sequence homology prediction using gRNA design software. Thetarget sequences of the gRNAs with the corresponding PAMs are presentedin Table 12. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises RNA sequencecorresponding to the target DNA sequence.

TABLE 12 ADAM17 gRNA Target Sequences SEQ Target Sequence ID Name(5′-3′) NO: PAM ADAM17 Ex1_T2 GGTCGCGGCGCCAGCACGAA 1 AGG ADAM17 Ex1_T4CCGAAGCCCGGGTCATCCGG 2 AGG ADAM17 Ex1_T9 CCGCGACCTCCGGATGACCC 3 GGGADAM17 Ex1_T10 CGTGCTGGCGCCGCGACCTC 4 CGG ADAM17 Ex1_T11CGAAAGGAACCACGCTGGTC 5 AGG ADAM17 Ex1_T12 CAGCGTGGTTCCTTTCGTGC 6 TGGADAM17 Ex1_T19 GCCGCGACCTCCGGATGACC 7 CGG ADAM17 Ex1_T24GAACCACGCTGGTCAGGAAT 8 AGG ADAM17 Ex1_T25 CAGCACGAAAGGAACCACGC 9 TGGADAM17 Ex1_T28 GTAGCGGGGCCGGGAACATG 10 AGG

To assess their cutting efficiency in hPSCs, iPS cells wereelectroporated using the Neon Electroporator (Neon Transfection KitThermoFisher Cat #MPK5000) with a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mixture ofCas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (IDT) (See Table 12 for gRNAsequences) at a molar ratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA. To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to atotal volume of 25 μL and incubated for 15 min at RT. Cells weredissociated using ACCUTASE®, then resuspended in STEMFLEX™ media (Gibco,cat #11320033), counted using an NC-200 (ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. Atotal of 1×10⁶ cells were resuspended with the RNP complex and R-bufferwas added to a total volume of 125 μL. This mixture was thenelectroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500 V and 1 pulse for 100 msat 500 V. Following electroporation, the cells were pipetted out into anEppendorf tube filled with STEMFLEX™ media with REVITACELL™ Supplement(100×). This cell suspension was then plated into tissue culture dishespre-coated with BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:20 dilution. Cells were culturedin a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂) for 48 hours. After 48 hours,genomic DNA was harvested from the cells using QuickExtract (Lucigen,Middleton, Wis.; Cat #QE09050).

PCR for the target ADAM17 sequence was performed and the resultingamplified DNA was assessed for cutting efficiency by TIDE analysis. PCRfor relevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCRprimers are presented in Table 13; and the cycling conditions areprovided in Table 14.

TABLE 13 ADAM17 TIDE/Indel Primers Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO:ADAM17 F2 forward AGAATCTTCCCAGTAGGCGG 11 ADAM17 R2 reverseCTCAGGCGCTCAGTCACTAC 12

TABLE 14 ADAM17 PCR/Indel PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature TimeCycles Denaturation 94° C. 2 min 1 Denaturation 94° C. 15 sec 34Annealing 57° C. 30 sec Extension 68° C. 45 sec Elongation 68° C. 5 min1 Hold  4° C. hold

The resulting amplicons were submitted for PCR cleanup and Sangersequencing. Sanger sequencing results were input into Tsunami softwarealong with the guide sequence. Indel percentages and identities werecalculated by the software. Particular gRNAs were then selected based ontheir indel frequency in hPSCs. FIG. 1 shows the cutting efficiency of10 ADAM17 guides. ADAM17 Ex1_T2 was chosen for further clone generationdue to its high on-target activity.

ADAM17 KO hPSC Clone Generation and Characterization.

Using ADAM17 T2 gRNA, iPSCs were electroporated and single-cell sorted 3days post electroporation using the WOLF FACS-sorter (Nanocellect) intoBIOLAMININ 521 CTG coated 96-well plates with STEMFLEX™ and REVITACELL™Supplement (100×). Plated single cells were grown in a normoxiaincubator (37° C., 8% CO₂) with every other day media changes untilcolonies were large enough to be re-seeded as single cells. Whenconfluent, samples were split for maintenance and genomic DNAextraction.

The ADAM17 KO state of clones was confirmed via PCR and Sangersequencing, as described above. The resulting DNA sequences of thetarget ADAM17 region were aligned in Snapgene software to determineindel identity and homo- or heterozygosity. Karyotypic status of cloneswas evaluated through Cell Line Genetics service (Madison, Wis.) andnormal karyotype was reported.

Example 5: Generation and Selection of CIITA gRNA

Guide RNA (gRNA) Selection for CIITA in hPSCs.

5 CIITA targeting gRNAs were designed for targeting exons 2 and 3 of theCIITA coding sequence. These gRNAs had predicted low off-target scoresbased on sequence homology prediction using gRNA design software. Thetarget sequences of the gRNAs are presented in Table 15. In someembodiments, the gRNA comprises RNA sequence corresponding to the targetDNA sequence.

TABLE 15 CIITA gRNA Target Sequences SEQ ID Name Target Sequence (5′-3′)NO: PAM CIITA Ex3_T6 GGTCCATCTGGTCATAGAAG 13 TGG CIITA Ex3_T16GCTCCAGGTAGCCACCTTCT 14 AGG CIITA Ex3_T20 TAGGGGCCCCAACTCCATGG 15 TGGCIITA Ex4_T1 GGCTTATGCCAATATCGGTG 16 AGG CIITA Ex4_T25AGGTGATGAAGAGACCAGGG 17 AGG

To assess their cutting efficiency in hPSCs, human embryonic stem cellswere electroporated using the Neon Electroporator (Neon Transfection KitThermoFisher Cat #MPK5000) with a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mixture ofCas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (Agilent) (See Table 15 for gRNAsequences) at a molar ratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA. To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to atotal volume of 25 μL and incubated for 15 min at RT. Cells weredissociated using ACCUTASE®, then resuspended in STEMFLEX™ media (Gibco,cat #11320033), counted using an NC-200 (ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. Atotal of 1×10⁶ cells were resuspended with the RNP complex and R-bufferwas added to a total volume of 125 μL. This mixture was thenelectroporated with 3 pulses for 30 ms at 1100 V. Followingelectroporation, the cells were pipetted out into an Eppendorf tubefilled with STEMFLEX™ media with RevitaCell™. This cell suspension wasthen plated into tissue culture dishes pre-coated with BIOLAMININ 521CTG at 1:20 dilution. Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37°C., 8% CO₂) for 48 hours. After 48 hours, genomic DNA was harvested fromthe cells using QuickExtract (Lucigen, Middleton, Wis.; Cat #QE09050).

PCR for the target CIITA sequence was performed and the resultingamplified DNA was assessed for cutting efficiency by TIDE analysis. PCRfor relevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCRprimers are presented in Table 16; and the cycling conditions providedin Table 17.

TABLE 16 CIITA TIDE/Indel Primers Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO:CIITA F5 forward TCCTGACTCTCTGGTGTGAGAT 18 CIITA R5 reverseCAGAGAGCGTCCCACAGAC 19

TABLE 17 CIITA PCR/Indel PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature TimeCycles Denaturation 94° C. 2 min 1 Denaturation 94° C. 15 sec 34Annealing 57° C. 30 sec Extension 68° C. 45 sec Elongation 68° C. 5 min1 Hold  4° C. hold

The resulting amplicons were submitted for PCR cleanup and Sangersequencing. Sanger sequencing results were input into Tsunami softwarealong with the guide sequence. Indel percentages and identities werecalculated by the software. Particular gRNAs were then selected based ontheir indel frequency in hPSCs. FIG. 2 shows the cutting efficiency of 5CIITA guides.

Off-targets of the selected gRNAs were assessed in the stem cell-derivedDNA using hybrid capture analysis of the sequence similarity predictedsites. CIITA Ex3_T6 and CIITA Ex4_T1 guides did not show detectableoff-target effects. CIITA T6 gRNA was chosen for further clonegeneration due to its high on-target activity and undetectableoff-target activity.

Example 6: Generation of CAR Knock-In, CIITA Null Human Pluripotent StemCells (hPSCs)

Design of CIITA KO, CAR KI Strategy.

Plasmid design to insert a CAR sequence, such as a BCMA CAR sequence,into the CIITA gene locus was made such that 86 base pairs (bp) of theCIITA exon 2 (GCCACCATGGAGTTGGGGCCCCTAGAAGGTGGCTACCTGGAGCTTCTTAACAGCGATGCTGACCCCCTGTGCCTCTACCACTTCTA (SEQ ID NO: 20)) would be removedafter undergoing homology directed repair (HDR). The removal of thisportion of CIITA would result in a frame shift of the CIITA codingsequence (CDS) nullifying the expression of functional CIITA protein.Successful HDR would also result in the insertion of the CAR sequenceinto the genome. The donor plasmid contained a CAGGS promoter drivencDNA of a CAR sequence flanked by 800 base pair homology arms withidentical sequence to the CIITA gene locus around exon 2. FIG. 3presents a schematic of an example BCMA CAR encoding plasmid (SEQ ID NO:66) and Table 18 identifies the elements and locations therein.

TABLE 18 Elements of BCMA CAR Donor Plasmid Element Location (size inbp) SEQ ID NO: Left ITR 1-130 (130) 21 LHA-CIITA 145-944 (800) 22 CMVenhancer 973-1352 (380) 23 chicken β-actin promoter 1355-1630 (276) 24chimeric intron 1631-2639 (1009) 25 CD8a signal peptide 2684-2746 (63)26 BCMA targeting fragment 2747-3481 (735) 27 CD8TM 3482-3745 (264) 2841BB co-stim domain 3746-3871 (126) 29 CD3Z domain 3872-4207 (336) 30bGH poly(A) signal 4229-4453 (225) 31 RHA-CIITA 4460-5259 (800) 32 RightITR 5301-5441 (141) 33

The CIITA-T6 gRNA (Table 19) was used to facilitate insertion of theBCMA CAR transgene at the targeted CIITA gene locus. The target sequenceof CIITA-T6 is not present in the donor plasmid and thus the donorplasmid itself would not be targeted by this gRNA. CIITA-T6 inducedCRISPR cutting in the human genome at exon 2 of CIITA would lead to aframeshift and loss of CIITA protein. The BCMA CAR donor plasmid wasintroduced along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made up of theCIITA targeting gRNA and Cas9 protein. Per 1 million of human embryonicstem cells, 4 μg of plasmid DNA was delivered along with the RNP viaelectroporation. Electroporation was carried out in hiPSC cells usingthe Neon Electroporator (Neon Transfection Kit ThermoFisher Cat#MPK5000) with the RNP mixture of Cas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA(Synthego) at a molar ratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA per 1 million cells. To form the RNPcomplex, gRNA and Cas9 were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (NeonTransfection Kit) to a total volume of 25-50 μL and incubated for 15 minat room temperature (RT). Cells were dissociated using ACCUTASE®, thenresuspended in STEMFLEX™ media, counted using an NC-200 (ChemoMetec) andcentrifuged. A total of 2×10⁶ cells were resuspended with the RNPcomplex and R-buffer was added to a total volume of 115 μL. This mixturewas then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500 V followed by 1pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. Following electroporation, the cells werepipetted out into a well of a 6 well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ mediawith REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and laminin 511. The plates werepre-coated with BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:10 dilution. Cells were culturedin a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

Seven to ten days post electroporation, the cells were enriched for BCMACAR expressing cells using an antibody against BCMA CAR (15C04-APC or15C04-PE) via magnetic assisted cell sorting (MACS) using anti-mouse IgGDynabeads (ThermoFisher, CELLection™ Pan Mouse IgG Kit, 11531D). Theseenriched cells represent a bulk KI population of BCMA-CAR positivecells.

TABLE 19 gRNA Target Sequences SEQ Target Sequence ID Name (5′-3′) NO:PAM CIITA Ex3_T6 gRNA GGTCCATCTGGTCATAGAAG 13 TGG B2M-2 gRNA (ExonGGCCGAGATGTCTCGCTCCG 34 TGG 1_T2) ADAM17 Ex1_T2 gRNAGGTCGCGGCGCCAGCACGAA 1 AGG

Example 7: Generation of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In, BCMA CARKnock-In, CIITA Null, B2M Null Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs)

Design of B2M KO, IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E Trimer KI Strategy.

Plasmid design to insert IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer into the B2M genelocus was made such that the starting codon of B2M was removed afterundergoing homology directed repair (HDR) to insert IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer, nullifying any chance of partial B2M expression. FIG. 4 presentsa schematic of the plasmid SEQ ID NO: 67 and Table 20 identifies theelements and locations therein. The donor plasmid contained a CAGGSpromoter driven cDNA of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer flanked by 800 basepair homology arms with identical sequence to the B2M gene locus aroundexon 1.

The IL15/IR15a fusion sequence was designed as previously published(Hurton et al. (2016) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 113(48):E7788-E7797. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610544113.) The IL15/IR15a fusion coding sequence(including linkers) is SEQ ID NO: 76 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41, 42, 43,and 44).

The HLA-E trimer cDNA was composed of a B2M signal peptide fused to anHLA-G presentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused tothe HLA-E protein without its signal peptide. The HLA-E trimer codingsequence (including linkers) is SEQ ID NO: 75 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47,48, 49, 50, and 51). This trimer design has been previously published(Gornalusse et al. (2017) Nat. Biotechnol. 35(8): 765-772).

The P2A peptide sequence (derived from porcine teschovirus-1 2A)connecting IL15/IR15a fusion and the HLA-E trimer allows for theseparate expression of both proteins from a single mRNA.

TABLE 20 Elements of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Donor Plasmid ElementLocation (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: Left ITR 1-130 (130) 21 LHA-B2M 145-944(800) 36 CMV enhancer 973-1352 (380) 23 chicken β-actin promoter1355-1630 (276) 24 chimeric intron 1631-2639 (1009) 25 IgE signalpeptide 2684-2737 (54) 40 IL15 CDS 2738-3136 (399) 41 linker 3137-3214(78) 42 IL15Rα CDS 3215-3925 (711) 43 GSG tag 3926-3934 (9) 44 P2A3935-3991 (57) 45 B2M signal sequence 3992-4051 (60) 46 HLA-G peptide4052-4078 (27) 47 GS linker 4079-4123 (45) 48 B2M 4124-4420 (297) 49 GSlinker 4421-4480 (60) 50 HLA-E 4481-5491 (1011) 51 3X Stop codons5492-5500 (9) 52 bGH poly(A) signal 5518-5742 (225) 31 RHA-B2M 5749-6548(800) 54 Right ITR 6590-6730 (141) 33

To insert the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence into hiPSCs, BCMACAR-enriched hiPSCs were produced, as described in Example 6. Thispopulation was first electroporated with donor plasmid only (withoutCRISPR editing reagents) one day prior to a second electroporation. Inthe first electroporation, the Neon Electroporator was used to deliver 1μg of donor plasmid DNA per 1 million of hiPSCs. The cells weredissociated using ACCUTASE®, then resuspended in STEMFLEX™ media,counted using an NC-200 (ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. A total of 24×10⁶cells were resuspended with R-buffer and donor plasmid DNA to a totalvolume of ˜600 μL. This mixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for20 ms at 1500 V followed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. A total of 6electroporations were performed and the cells were pipetted out into a 6well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ media with REVITACELL™ Supplement(100×) and laminin 511. Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37°C., 8% CO₂).

The following day, these cells were dissociated from the plate andelectroporated again using additional reagents. The B2M-2 gRNA (Table19) was used to facilitate the insertion of the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer transgene at the targeted B2M gene locus. TheIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid was introduced along with theribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made up of the B2M targeting gRNA andCas9 protein. Per 1 million of hiPSC cells, 2 μg of plasmid DNA wasdelivered along with the RNP via electroporation. Electroporation wascarried out in hiPSC cells using the Neon Electroporator with the RNPmixture of Cas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (Biospring) at a molarratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of 62.5 pmol Cas9 and312.5 pmol gRNA per 1 million cells. To form the RNP complex, gRNA andCas9 were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit)to a total volume of 25-50 μL and incubated for 15 min at roomtemperature (RT). Cells were dissociated using ACCUTASE®, thenresuspended in STEMFLEX™ media, counted using an NC-200 (ChemoMetec) andcentrifuged. A total of 7×10⁶ cells were resuspended with the RNPcomplex and R-buffer was added to a total volume of ˜300 μL. Thismixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500 Vfollowed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. A total of 3 electroporationswere performed. Following electroporation, the cells were pipetted outinto 2 wells of a 6 well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ media withREVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and laminin 511. Cells were cultured in anormoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

Seven to ten days post electroporation, the cells were enriched forHLA-E trimer expressing cells using an antibody against HLA-E (see Table21) via magnetic assisted cell sorting (MACS) using anti-mouse IgGDynabeads (ThermoFisher, CELLection™ Pan Mouse IgG Kit, 11531D). Theseenriched cells represent a bulk KI population of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer positive cells.

TABLE 21 Antibodies for Flow Cytometry Antigen Clone FluorophoreManufacturer Catalog # BCMA CAR 15C04 PE or APC CRISPRtx Custom IL1534559 PE ThermoFisher MA5-23561 B2M 2M2 PE Biolegend 316305 HLA-ABCW6/32 Alexa 488 Biolegend 311415 mIgG1 kappa N/A PE BD Bioscience 555749PD-L1 B7-H1 Alexa-488 ThermoFisher 53-5983-42 HLA-E 3D12 PE ThermoFisher12-9953-42 HLA-E 3D12 APC ThermoFisher 17-9953-42

Example 8: Generation and Characterization of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-ETrimer Knock-In, B2M Null Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs)

The IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence, as described in Example 7, wasinserted into a hiPSC line. B2M-2 gRNA (Table 19) was used to facilitatethe insertion of the IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer transgene at thetargeted B2M gene locus. The IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmidwas introduced along with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made up ofthe B2M targeting gRNA and Cas9 protein. Per 1 million of hiPSC cells, 2μg of plasmid DNA was delivered along with the RNP via electroporation.Electroporation was carried out in hiPSC cells using the NeonElectroporator with the RNP mixture of Cas9 protein (Biomay) and guideRNA (Biospring) at a molar ratio of 10:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolutevalues of 62.5 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA per 1 million cells. To formthe RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9 were combined in one vessel with R-buffer(Neon Transfection Kit) to a total volume of 25-50 μL and incubated for15 min at room temperature (RT). Cells were dissociated using ACCUTASE®,then resuspended in STEMFLEX™ media, counted using an NC-200(ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. A total of 2×10⁶ cells were resuspendedwith the RNP complex and R-buffer was added to a total volume of ˜115μL. This mixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500V followed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. One electroporation wasperformed. Following electroporation, the cells were pipetted out into awell of a 6 well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ media with REVITACELL™Supplement (100×) and laminin 511. The plates were pre-coated withBIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:10 dilution. Cells were cultured in a normoxiaincubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

Seven to ten days post electroporation, the cells were enriched forHLA-E trimer expressing cells using an antibody against HLA-E (see Table21) via magnetic assisted cell sorting (MACS) using anti-mouse IgGDynabeads (ThermoFisher, CELLection™ Pan Mouse IgG Kit, 11531D). Theseenriched cells represent a bulk KI population of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer positive cells. This population was assessed for HLA-E expressionby flow cytometry, showing >90% HLA-E expression (FIG. 5B). WT iPSCcells were a negative control (FIG. 5A).

Following MACS-enrichment, the cells were single-cell sorted asdescribed in Example 1. The anti-HLA-E-PE antibody (see Table 21) wasused for FACS-sorting into 96-well plates (FIG. 6 ). For FACS-sorting,unedited cells served as a negative control. After sorting, the cellswere expanded as described in Example 1 and when confluent, samples weresplit for maintenance and genomic DNA extraction.

The single cell derived clones demonstrated IL15-PE expression postexpansion confirming fidelity of the edit. The IL-15-PE expression in aclone named “Clone 3” (FIG. 7B) and WT iPSC control (FIG. 7A) wasdetermined.

Clone 3, an hiPSC gene edited clone containing the editsIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null, was differentiated toiNK cells using Protocol 2, as described in Example 3, using PBS spinnervessels. Day 20 iNK cells differentiated from WT or Clone 3(IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null hPSC) were plated at5×10⁶ cells/well and grown with or without exogenous IL15 (20 ng/mL). Inaddition, all cells were administered SCF (20 ng/mL), Flt3L (15 ng/mL),IL-7 (20 ng/mL) on day 0 and day 4. Clone 3 (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimerknock-in, B2M Null hPSC) derived iNK expanded similarly in the presenceor absence of exogenous IL15 in the culture media. FIG. 8 shows that theclone 3 cells persisted and expanded in the absence of exogenous IL15while the WT iNK cell number declined in the absence of exogenous IL15.

The cytotoxicity of the day 36 Clone 3 derived iNK cells towards K562cells was determined using a 24-hour killing assay. K562-GFP cells(50,000 cells per vial) were incubated with iNK effector cell lines atdifferent ratios as indicated for 24 hours. After incubation, the cellswere spun, and resuspended in 175 μl media containing SyTox Blue at a1:1000 concentration. 25 μL of countbright beads per well were added.The plate was read using the Flow cytometer 100 μL volume per well wascollected for analysis. GFP-positive, SyTox Blue-negative target cells(live cancer cells) and countbright beads were selected and measuredabsolute events count. Total live cells were calculated as follows:[Total Cells=((No of live cells)/(Bead count for that sample))/(Beadcount per 50 μL/2).

The % of cell lysis was calculated using following formula: % Celllysis=(1−((Total Number of target Cells in Test Sample)/(Total Number ofTarget Cells in Control Sample))×100. The WT and edited lines displayedeffective cytotoxicity against K562 (FIG. 9 ).

Example 9: Generation of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In, BCMA CARKnock-In, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null Human Pluripotent Stem Cells(hPSCs)

Design of ADAM17 KO.

The ADAM17-T2 gRNA (Table 19) was used to knock-out the ADAM17 proteinby causing a frameshift mutation in the ADAM17 gene exon 1. BCMA CAR andIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer enriched hiPSCs were generated as describedin Examples 6 and 7. Electroporation was carried out in these enrichedhiPSC cells using the Neon Electroporator with the RNP mixture of Cas9protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (IDT) at a molar ratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9)with absolute values of 125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA per 1 millioncells. To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9 were combined in onevessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to a total volume of 25-50μL and incubated for 15 min at room temperature (RT). This mixture wasthen combined with the cells to a total volume of ˜115 μL usingR-buffer. This mixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at1500 V followed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. Followingelectroporation, the cells were pipetted out into a 6 well plate filledwith STEMFLEX™ media with REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and laminin 511.Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

Three to five days post electroporation, the cells were single-cellsorted as described in Example 1. The anti-BCMA CAR antibody (see Table21) was used for FACS-sorting into 96-well plates. For FACS-sorting,unedited cells served as a negative control. After sorting, the cellswere expanded as described in Example 1 and when confluent, samples weresplit for maintenance and genomic DNA extraction.

PCR for the genotyping of the edited clones (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimerknock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null HumanPluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs)) was performed and the resultingamplified DNA was assessed for cutting efficiency by TIDE analysis.

For determining indels in the target B2M sequence, PCR for relevantregions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix (Invitrogen, cat#125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCR primers arepresented in Table 22; and the cycling conditions provided in Table 23.

TABLE 22 B2M Indel Primers Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO: B2MF2Forward CAGACAGCAAACTCACCCAG 56 B2MR2 Reverse AAACTTTGTCCCGACCCTCC 57

TABLE 23 B2M Indel PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature Time CyclesDenaturation 94° C. 2 min 1 Denaturation 94° C. 15 sec 30 Annealing 56°C. 30 sec Extension 68° C. 45 sec Elongation 68° C. 5 min 1 Hold  4° C.hold

FIG. 10 shows the 2M indel results for various edited clones. Thepresence of a 573 bp band indicated a WT genotype which would be foundin clones that are unedited or are heterozygous for the KI construct, ashomozygous clones will not have a band. For determining B2M zygosity,PCR for relevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequence of the PCRprimers are presented in Table 24; and the cycling conditions providedin Table 25.

TABLE 24 B2M Zygosity Primers SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) NO: B2M-forward AAAAGATCTGTGGACTCCACCACCACGAAA 58 geno-F1 TGGCGGCACCTTATTTATGGTCB2M- reverse GCTCTGGAGAATCTCACGCAGAAGGCAGGC 59 geno-R1GTTTTTCTTAAAAAAAAATGCACGAATTA

TABLE 25 B2M Zygosity PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature TimeCycles Denaturation 94° C. 2 min  1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30Annealing 65° C. 30 sec Extension 68° C. 6 min 30 sec Elongation 68° C.5 min  1 Hold  4° C. hold

FIG. 11 shows the B2M zygosity results for various edited clones. Thepresence of a ˜2.5 kb band indicated a WT genotype while the presence ofa 6.6 kb band indicated successful integration of the KI construct intothe B2M gene locus. Unedited clones would only have the WT band, cloneheterozygous for the KI would have both bands, and homozygous cloneswould only have the KI band. The resulting amplicons were submitted forPCR cleanup and Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing results were inputinto Tsunami software along with the guide sequence. The resulting DNAsequences of the target 32M region were aligned in Snapgene software todetermine indel identity and homo- or heterozygosity. For determiningIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in genotyping in the target 32Msequence, PCR for relevant regions was performed using Platinum TaqSupermix (Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequence ofthe PCR primers are presented in Table 26; and the cycling conditionsprovided in Table 27.

TABLE 26 B2M KI Primers SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) NO: Poly-A-Fforward AGGATTGGGAAGACAATAGCAGGCATGCT 60 GGGGATGCGGTGG B2M-geno- reverseGCTCTGGAGAATCTCACGCAGAAGGCAGG 61 R1 CGTTTTTCTTAAAAAAAAATGCACGAATTA

TABLE 27 B2M KI PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature Time CyclesDenaturation 98° C. 30 sec 1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30 Annealing 65°C. 30 sec Extension 72° C. 1 min 30 sec Elongation 72° C. 5 min 1 Hold 4° C. hold

FIG. 12 shows the B2M KI genotyping results for various edited clones.The presence of a 1.1 kb band indicated successful integration of the KIconstruct into the B2M gene locus, while the absence of a band indicateda WT genotype. For determining indels in the target CIITA sequence, PCRfor relevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequence of the PCRprimers are presented in Table 16; and the cycling conditions providedin Table 17. FIG. 13 shows the CIITA indel results for various editedclones. The presence of a 557 bp band indicated a WT genotype whichwould be found in clones that are unedited or are heterozygous for theKI construct, as homozygous clones will not have a band.

For determining CIITA zygosity, PCR for relevant regions was performedusing Platinum Taq Supermix (Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat#11495017). The sequences of the PCR primers are presented in Table 28;and the cycling conditions provided in Table 29

TABLE 28 CIITA Zygosity Primers SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) NO:CIITA- forward GCCCCACCCCTCCTACTTTATGTCTCCAT 62 OUT-FGGATTTGCCTGTTTTGGTCATTTCA CIITA- reverse CTCTAATGCAAACTTGGGTAGGTCGTTTC63 OUT-R ACCTCTCTAAACCTCAATTTCCTCATTTG

TABLE 29 CIITA Zygosity PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature TimeCycles Denaturation 94° C. 2 min 1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30Annealing 65° C. 30 sec Extension 68° C. 5 min 30 sec Elongation 68° C.5 min 1 Hold  4° C. hold

FIG. 14 shows the CIITA zygosity results for various edited clones. Thepresence of a ˜2.5 kb band indicated a WT genotype while the presence ofa 5.6 kb band indicated successful integration of the KI construct intothe CIITA gene locus. Unedited clones would only have the WT band, cloneheterozygous for the KI would have both bands, and homozygous cloneswould only have the KI band. The resulting amplicons were submitted forPCR cleanup and Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing results were inputinto Tsunami software along with the guide sequence. The resulting DNAsequences of the target CIITA region were aligned in Snapgene softwareto determine indel identity and homo- or heterozygosity.

For determining BCMA CAR knock-in genotyping in the target CIITAsequence, PCR for relevant regions was performed using Platinum TaqSupermix (Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequencesof the PCR primers are presented in Table 30; and the cycling conditionsprovided in Table 31.

TABLE 30 CIITA KI Primer SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) NO: CD3Z-forward GAGTGAAGTTTTCCCGAAGCGCAGACGCTC 64 seq-F1 CGGCATATCAGCAAGGACAGCIITA- reverse CTCTAATGCAAACTTGGGTAGGTCGTTTCA 65 OUT-RCCTCTCTAAACCTCAATTTCCTCATTTG

TABLE 31 CIITA KI PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature Time CyclesDenaturation 98° C. 30 sec 1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30 Annealing 65°C. 30 sec Extension 72° C. 1 min 30 sec Elongation 72° C. 5 min 1 Hold 4° C. hold

FIG. 15 shows the CIITA KI genotyping results for various edited clones.The presence of a 1.5 kb band indicated successful integration of the KIconstruct into the CIITA gene locus, while the absence of a bandindicated a WT genotype. For determining indels in the target ADAM17sequence, PCR for relevant regions was performed using Platinum TaqSupermix (Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequence ofthe PCR primers are presented in Table 13; and the cycling conditionsprovided in Table 14. The resulting amplicons were submitted for PCRcleanup and Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing results were input intoTsunami software along with the guide sequence. The resulting DNAsequences of the target ADAM17 region were aligned in Snapgene softwareto determine indel identity and homo- or heterozygosity.

Based on the PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis of the edited clones,the clone shown in lane 41 in FIGS. 10-15 was chosen as “clone 1” andthe clone shown in lane 48 was chosen as “clone 2,” which were shown tohave the BCMA CAR KI and the IL15/ILRa-P2A-HLA-E KI, while thesequencing data confirmed that B2M, CIITA, and ADAM17 were completelyknocked-out. Clone 1 was heterozygous for the B2M KI and had an indel of+1T in the B2M WT band (Table 32). Clone 1 was homozygous for the CIITAKI and contained a homozygous +1G indel in the ADAM17 WT band (Table33).

TABLE 32 KI genotypes of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CARknock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null Human Pluripotent Stem CellsClones IL-15/IR-15 fusion-P2A-HLA-E BCMA CAR Clone into B2M into CIITA 1Heterozygous KI Homozygous KI 2 Heterozygous KI Homozygous KI

TABLE 33 KO genotypes of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CARknock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null Human Pluripotent Stem CellsClones Clone B2M indel CIITA indel ADAM17 indel 1 KI/+1 T KI/KI +1 G/+1G 2 KI/+1 T KI/KI −20/large insertion

Confirmation of KI gene expression and KO status at the hiPSC stage. Todetect the BCMA CAR, HLA-E, and IL15 surface expression, fluorescentantibodies were used (see Table 21). Undifferentiated clone 1, the hiPSCclone containing all the edits (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in,BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null) was assessed byflow cytometry with unedited WT cells as a negative control (Table 34).The gene edited clone 1 showed >99% BCMA CAR expression, >99% HLA-Eexpression, and >99% IL15 expression. To confirm KO status, fluorescentantibodies for HLA-ABC were used (see Table 21) with unedited WT iNKcells as a negative control (Table 34).

TABLE 34 WT iPSC Clone 1 iPSC CAR⁺ 1.06% 99.7% HLA-E⁺ 0.22%  100% IL-15⁺0.03% 99.2% HLA-A, B, C 97.3% 0.74% (MHC-I)⁻

Confirmation of hiPSC pluripotency after genome editing. To detect theOct4 and Sox 2 intracellular expression fluorescent antibodies wereused. iPS cells: WT and undifferentiated clones 1 and 2, containing allthe edits (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in,CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null) were assessed by flow cytometry.IgG-labeled cells served as a negative control (FIG. 16 ). Oct4expression was 99.5% in WT, 98.2% in the gene edited clone 1 and 97.7%in the gene edited clone 2 (FIG. 16 ). There were the followingpercentages of Sox2-positive cells in iPSC populations: WT iPSChad >99%, edited clones 1 and 2 had >98 and >96% positivecorrespondently (FIG. 16 ). Edited clones retained high level ofpluripotency.

Example 10: Differentiation and Characterization of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-ETrimer Knock-In, BCMA CAR Knock-In, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 NullhPSC

WT, Clones 1 and 2 (“Line1A c1 and c2”; hiPSC gene edited clonescontaining the edits IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CARknock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null), Clone 3(“B2M⁻/HLA-E⁺/IL15⁺ c3”); hiPSC gene edited clone containing the editsIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null), Line 1 clone 2 (“Line1c2”; hiPSC gene edited clone containing the edits IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-Etrimer knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null), a CIITA-BCMACAR⁺ bulk population, and a ADAM17 KO clone 37 (“Adam17⁻, c37”) weredifferentiated to iNK cells using Protocol 1, as described in Example 2.Flow cytometry of differentiated cells at Days 6 and 10 showed that allof the edited clones and bulk populations, including both edited iPSCclones 1 and 2, differentiated efficiently to HPSC (CD34⁺/CD43-) cellpopulation as compared with WT (FIG. 17 ). Edited iPSC clone 1 expressedCD43 earlier but that did not influence its overall differentiation intoiNK and cytotoxicity. Throughout the differentiation process, cells wereanalyzed for CD45 and CD56 expression by flow cytometry (FIG. 18 ),showing efficient differentiation for all of the edited clones which wascomparable to WT. By day 28, >99% of cells are CD56⁺.

Flow cytometry was performed on digested cells aggregates on days 6, 10,and 14; and on single cells on days 20 (FIG. 19A), 28 (FIG. 19B), 35(FIG. 19C), and 42 (FIG. 19D). Live cells were collected, washed with 1%BSA in PBS, and incubated with appropriate antibody cocktails in 5% BSAin PBS for 30 min on ice. The cells were washed and resuspended in 1%BSA in PBS containing 1:1000 SyTOX Blue cells viability dye followed byloading the plate on the Flow cytometer for analysis (see Table 35 forantibodies used). The differentiated Line 1A, clone 1 and 2, as well asedited IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in into B2M null, clone 3 iNKcells expressed a majority of maturation markers. On day 20 ofdifferentiation all three edited lines displayed NK markers expressionthat was somewhat lower than WT. However the same markers were expressedat comparable or even higher than WT levels only a week later (at day28).

TABLE 35 antigen fluorophore company catalog # Dilution CD16 PE-Cy7BioLegend 360708 1:50 CD235a/ APC BioLegend 349114 1:10 Glycophorin ACD34 FITC Miltenyi 130-113-178 1:25 CD34 PE BD 555822 1:10 CD43 BB515 BD564542  1:500 CD45 PE-Cy7 BD 557748  1:100 CD45 BB515 BD 564585  1:100CD56 PE Miltenyi 130-113-307  1:500 CD56 BB515 BD 564488 1:25 CD56/NCAM1APC BD 555518 1:10 CD57 PE-Cy7 BioLegend 359624 1:10 CD94/KLRD1 APCMiltenyi 130-098-976 1:5  CD95/Fas1 FITC BD 555673 1:10 HLA-ABC FITCeBioscience 11-9983-42 1:10 HLA-DR, DP, DQ 647 BioLegend 361703 1:10HLA-E APC BioLegened 342605 1:10 hTACE/ADAM17 PE R&D FAB9301P 1:10 IL-15APC Invitrogen MA5-23627 1:10 IL-15 PE Invitrogen MA5-23561 1:10 IL-15FITC Invitrogen MA5-23664 1:10 KIR2DL4/CD158d APC Miltenyi 130-112-4661:25 KIR3DL2/CD158e/k PE-Vio770 Miltenyi 130-116-180  1:100 NKG2A/CD159aAPC Miltenyi 130-113-563 1:5  NKG2D BB515 BD 564566  1:2.5 NKp44/CD336PE BD 558563 1:5  NKp46/CD335 PE-Cy7 BD 562101 1:5  Oct3/4 PE BD 5601861:10 Bioscience PD1/CD279 APC BioLegend 621610 1:10 PDL1/CD274 PE-Cy7 BD558017 1:10 SOX2 Alexa 647 BD 562139 1:10 Bioscience Perforin, Clone PEMiltenyi 130-123-726 1:25 delta G9, Granzyme B Clone APC Miltenyi130-120-773 1:25 REA226,

Confirmation of KI gene expression and KO status of edited cellsdifferentiated to the WK stage. Using these differentiated Line 1A clone1 cells, flow cytometry was repeated to assess KI gene expression and KOstatus. To detect the BCMA CAR, HLA-E, and 9%5 surface expression,fluorescent antibodies were used (see Table 21) with unedited WT iNKcells as a negative control (Table 36). The Line 1A clone 1-derived iNKcells showed >99% BCMA CAR expression, >90% HLA-E expression, and >99%1115 expression. To confirm KO status, fluorescent antibodies forHLA-ABC were used (see Table 21) with unedited WT iNK cells as anegative control (Table 36).

TABLE 36 WT iNK Clone 1 iNK CAR⁺ 0.75% 99.9% HLA-E⁺ 5.65%   91% IL-15⁺0.33% 99.1% HLA-A, B, C (MHC-I)⁻ 99.8%  0.8%

Immune phenotype of edited iNK cells. At the iNK stage, differentiatedcells of clone 1 (an hiPSC gene edited clone containing all the edits(IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null,B2M Null, ADAM17 Null) of Example 9 and clone 3 (an hiPSC gene editedclone containing B2M KO (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2M Null)of Example 8 and differentiated wild-type iPSC cells were co-culturedwith donor derived T-cells that were labeled with CFSE. After 5 days ofco-culture, the cells were analyzed for flow cytometry and the degree ofCFSE loss was assessed. WT iNK cells induced a loss of CFSE signal inthe T-cells, suggesting an allogeneic immune reaction had occurred. iNKcells derived from clone 1 or clone 3 did not produce CFSE loss in theT-cells, suggesting that these cells were immune-evasive (FIG. 20 ).

The cytotoxicity of the day 21 Line 1A clones 1 and 2, and Line 1 clone2 (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null,B2M Null) cells towards K562 and RPMI cells was determined using a24-hour killing assay, as described in Example 8. The WT and clones 1and 2 line displayed effective cytotoxicity against K562 (FIG. 21A),while clones 1 and 2 also displayed greater cytotoxicity against BCMA⁺expressing RPMI cancer cell line especially at lowest Effector to targetcells ratio, 0.1:1 (FIG. 21B).

Cytokines (IFNg, TNFa) were measured using the ProteinSimple Ellasystem, according to the manufacturer's instructions, with the softwareversion v.3.5.2.20 of the Simple Plex Runner software, and Simple PlexExplorer software. Custom 8-plex Ella cartridges (32×8 Multiplex) wereprovided by ProteinSimple, along with dilution buffer which was used todilute each sample (WT and Line 1A clone 1) at a 1:2 ratio prior toloading 40 μL sample per channel. As shown in FIG. 22 , the IFNg levelsin media correlated with an increased E:T ratio, being higher than WT inlow E:T ratios (0.1:1). At higher E:T ratios, IFNg is somewhat lower inedited cells than WT, which might be the result of drastic decrease oftarget cells due to their efficient lysis over 24 hours. TNFα was higherin WT than in edited clone 1. This effect may be explained by lack ofAdam17, a protease that cleaves TNFa.

Perforin and granzyme-B expression in cells were measured by flowcytometry at day 14 and Day 36 of differentiation using commerciallyavailable antibodies. FIG. 23 shows that WT cells at day 14 ofdifferentiation had little to no expression of perforin or granzyme-Bbut had higher expression at day 36. Line 1A clone 1 had similarexpression patterns as WT.

Day 20 iNKs differentiated from wild-type (WT), Line 1A clone 1 (“Line1A, c1”), Line 1A clone 2 (“Line 1A, c2”), and Clone 3(“B2M⁻/HILA-E⁺/IL15IL15Rα⁺”; IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, B2MNull hPSC) derived iNK cells were plated at 5×10⁶ cells/well and grownwith or without exogenous cytokines. Cells were administered SCF (20ng/mL), Flt3L (15 ng/mL), IL-7 (20 ng/mL), and IL-15 (15 ng/mL) (“4”),SCF, Flt3L, and IL-7 (“3/−IL15-”), no cytokines (“0”); or only IL-15(“IL15”) on day 0 and day 9 (FIG. 24 ). The edited clones persisted andexpanded in the absence of exogenous IL15 while the WT iNK cell numberdeclined in the absence of exogenous IL15.

Example 11: Generation and Selection of FAS gRNA, CISH gRNA, andREGNASE-1 gRNA

Targeting gRNAs were designed for targeting exons 1, 2, and 3 of the FAScoding sequence, exons 1, 2, and 3 of the CISH coding sequence, exons 2and 4 of the REGNASE-1 coding sequence. The target sequences of thegRNAs are presented in Tables 37, 38, and 39, respectively. Each gRNAcomprises an RNA spacer sequence corresponding to the target DNAsequence. These gRNAs had predicted low off-target scores based onsequence homology prediction using gRNA design software.

TABLE 37 FAS Target Sequences Name Target Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO:PAM FAS Ex1 T7 GGATTGCTCAACAACCATGC 35 TGG FAS Ex1 T9GATTGCTCAACAACCATGCT 37 GGG FAS Ex2 T1 GTGACTGACATCAACTCCAA 38 GGGFAS Ex2 T2 CACTTGGGCATTAACACTTT 39 TGG FAS Ex2 T3 TTGGAAGGCCTGCATCATGA53 TGG FAS Ex2 T7 ACTCCAAGGGATTGGAATTG 55 AGG FAS Ex3 T1CTAGGGACTGCACAGTCAAT 80 GGG

TABLE 38 CISH Target Sequences Name Target Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO:PAM CISH Ex1 T2 TCGCCGCTGCCGCGGGGACA 81 TGG CISH Ex1 T18GACATGGTCCTCTGCGTTCA 82 GGG CISH Ex2 T1 GTCCGCTCCACAGCCAGCAA 83 AGGCISH Ex2 T2 GTTCCAGGGACGGGGCCCAC 84 AGG CISH Ex3 T1 TCGGGCCTCGCTGGCCGTAA85 TGG CISH Ex3 T2 CGTACTAAGAACGTGCCTTC 86 TGG CISH Ex3 T3GGGTTCCATTACGGCCAGCG 87 AGG CISH Ex3 T5 CAGGTGTTGTCGGGCCTCGC 88 TGGCISH Ex3 T6 TACTCAATGCGTACATTGGT 89 GGG CISH Ex3 T9 AAGGCTGACCACATCCGGAA90 AGG CISH Ex3 T11 TACATTGGTGGGGCCACGAG 91 TGG CISH Ex3 T14CTGTCAGTGAAAACCACTCG 92 TGG

TABLE 39 REGNASE-1 Target Sequences SEQ Target Sequence ID Name (5′-3′)NO: PAM REGNASE-1 Ex2 T1 GGTCATCGATGGGAGCAACG 93 TGG REGNASE-1 Ex2 T2CACCACCCCGCGGGACTAGA 94 GGG ZC3H12A_Segment 2 T3 GGTCTGGCGCTCCCGCTCGG 95TGG REGNASE-1 Ex2 T4 CCACCACCCCGCGGGACTAG 96 AGG REGNASE-1 Ex2 T5TTAGGGGTGCCACCACCCCG 97 CGG REGNASE-1 Ex4 T1 TTCACACCATCACGACGCGT 98 GGGZC3H12A_Segment 4 T2 ACACCATCACGACGCGTGGG 99 TGG ZC3H12A_Segment 4 T3CTACGAGTCTGACGGGATCG 100 TGG ZC3H12A_Segment 4 T7 ACGACGCGTGGGTGGCAAGC101 GGG

To assess their cutting efficiency in hPSCs, iPS cells wereelectroporated using the Neon Electroporator (Neon Transfection KitThermoFisher Cat #MPK5000) with a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mixture ofCas9 protein and guide RNA at a molar ratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) withabsolute values of 125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA. To form the RNPcomplex, gRNA and Cas9 were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (NeonTransfection Kit) to a total volume of 25 μL and incubated for 15 min atRT. Cells were dissociated using ACCUTASE®, then resuspended inSTEMFLEX™ media (Gibco, cat #11320033), counted using an NC-200(ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. A total of 1×10⁶ cells were resuspendedwith the RNP complex and R-buffer was added to a total volume of 125 μL.This mixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500 Vand 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. Following electroporation, the cellswere pipetted out into an Eppendorf tube filled with STEMFLEX™ mediawith REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×). This cell suspension was then platedinto tissue culture dishes pre-coated with BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:10dilution. Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂)for 48 hours. After 48 hours, genomic DNA was harvested from the cellsusing QuickExtract (Lucigen, Middleton, Wis.; Cat #QE09050).

PCR for the target sequences was performed and the resulting amplifiedDNA was assessed for cutting efficiency by TIDE analysis. PCR forrelevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix (Invitrogen,cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The resulting amplicons weresubmitted for PCR cleanup and Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencingresults were input into Tsunami software along with the guide sequence.Indel percentages and identities were calculated by the software.Particular gRNAs were then selected based on their indel frequency inhPSCs. FAS Ex1 T9 (SEQ ID NO; 37), CISH Ex1 T18 (SEQ ID NO: 82), andREGNASE-1 Ex2-T2 (SEQ ID NO: 94) were chosen for further clonegeneration due to their high on-target activity.

Example 12: Generation of IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In, BCMA CARKnock-In, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null, FAS Null, CISH Null, andREGNASE-1 Null hPSCs

FAS Ex1 T9 (SEQ ID NO: 37), CISH Ex1 T18 (SEQ ID NO: 82), and REGNASE-1Ex2 T2 (SEQ ID NO: 94) gRNAs were used to knock-out the FAS, CISH, andREGNASE-1 genes, respectively. IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer KI, BCMA CARKI, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null cells as described in Examples 9and 10 were electroporated using the Neon Electroporator with RNPmixtures of Cas9 protein and guide RNA at a molar ratio of 5:1(gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of 125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA per1 million cells. To form the RNP complexes, gRNA and Cas9 were combinedin one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to a total volume of25-50 μL and incubated for 15 min at room temperature (RT). This mixturewas then combined with the cells to a total volume of ˜115 μL usingR-buffer. This mixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at1500 V followed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. Followingelectroporation, the cells were pipetted out into a 6 well plate filledwith STEMFLEX™ media with REVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and laminin 511.Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

Three to five days post electroporation, the cells were single-cellsorted as described in Example 1. The anti-BCMA CAR antibody (see Table21) was used for FACS-sorting into 96-well plates. For FACS-sorting,unedited cells served as a negative control. After sorting, the cellswere expanded as described in Example 1 and when confluent, samples weresplit for maintenance and genomic DNA extraction.

For determining indels in the target FAS, CISH, and REGNASE-1 sequences,PCR for relevant regions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, Cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The resulting ampliconswere submitted for PCR cleanup and Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencingresults were input into Tsunami software along with the guide sequence.The resulting DNA sequences of the target FAS, CISH, and REGNASE-1regions were aligned in Snapgene software to determine indel identityand homo- or heterozygosity.

Continued expression of BCMA CAR, HLA-E, and IL15 surface proteins wasconfirmed using fluorescent antibodies as described above in Example 9.Pluripotency of the edited cells was confirmed by detecting OCT4 andSOX2 expression as described above in Example 9. Clone 1 (020 clone 1),homozygous at FAS, CISH, and REGNASE-1 loci, was chosen for furtheranalysis,

Example 13: Characterization of NK Cells Differentiated fromIL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E TrimerKknock-In, BCMA CARKknock-In, CIITA Null, B2MNull, ADAM17 Null, FAS Null, CISH Null, and REGNASE-1 Null hPSCs

The “020 clone 1” hPSCs (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in, BCMA CARknock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null, FAS Null, CISH Null, andREGNASE-1 Null), as well as “012 clone 1” hPSCs (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-EKI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null), “003 clone 3” hPSCS(IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E KI, B2M Null), and wild-type (WT) weredifferentiated to iNK cells using Protocol 1, as described in Example 2.Flow cytometry of differentiated cells at Days 10 and 14 showed that the“020 clone 1” differentiated cells had similar patterns if CD31, CD34,and CD43 expression as WT and those differentiated from “012 clone 1”and “003 clone 3” (FIGS. 25A-25B). Throughout the differentiationprocess, cells were analyzed for CD45 and CD56 expression by flowcytometry, showing efficient differentiation for all of the editedclones as compared to WT. By day 20, similar levels of the edited cloneswere CD56⁺ (FIG. 26 ). By day 35, more than 99% of the edited cloneswere CD45⁺/CD56⁺.

The cytotoxicity of day 31 “020 clone 1” (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E trimerknock-in, BCMA CAR knock-in, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17 Null, FASNull, CISH Null, and REGNASE-1 Null), “012 clone 1”(IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E KI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null, B2M Null, ADAM17Null), “008 clone 2” (IL15/IR15α-P2A-HLA-E KI, BCMA CAR KI, CIITA Null,B2M Null), and WT iNK cells towards K562 and MM1S cancer cells wasdetermined using a GFP-based killing assay. The cancer cells werelabeled with GFP and killing was monitored over 4 hours. WT cellsdisplayed more effective cytotoxicity against K562 cells than the editedcells (FIGS. 27A, 27B). The “012 clone 1” cells displayed greatercytotoxicity against the BCMA⁺ expressing MM1S cancer cell line than theWT and other edited cells (FIGS. 28A, 28B).

Example 14: Anti-CD30 CAR Development and Selection

Several CD30 CARS were constructed that included variable light andheavy domains from a mouse monoclonal (SEQ ID NOs: 102 and 103,respectively) or a human anti-CD30 antibody (SEQ ID NOs: 104 and 105,respectively), a CD8 transmembrane domain (SEQ ID NO: 122), a CD28 (SEQID NO: 123) or 41BB domain (SEQ ID NO: 124), and a CD3Z domain (SEQ IDNO: 125). Table 40 details anti-CD30 CARs.

TABLE 40 Anti-CD30 CARS CAR Name 1 Brent_vL_vH_CD28 2 5F11_vH_vL-CD28 3Brent_vL_vH_41BB 4 Brent_vH-vL_CD28 5 5F11_vH_vL_41BB 6 5F11_vL_vH-41BB7 Brent_vH_vL_41BB

The anti-CD30 CARS were delivered to WT NK92 cells via lentiviralvectors. After selection, cytotoxicity against L428 cancer cell line wasdetermined using a luciferase killing assay. FIG. 29A shows the NK92anti-CD30 CAR killing results after 4 hours, wherein CARs 4, 5, and 6outperformed WT at every ratio, with CARs 5 and 6 exhibiting the bestkilling. CD30 KO strongly reduced NK92 killing ability. FIG. 29Bpresents the results after 24 hours. CARs 4, 5, and 6 outperformed WT at0.5:1, with CARs 5 and 6 showing nearly 100% killing for all ratios.Cytotoxicity was also tested against another cancer cell line, KM-H2.FIG. 30A present results at 4 hours and FIG. 30B shows killing at 24hours. CARs 4, 5, and 6 showed the best killing. CARs 4, 5, and 6 werechosen for KI into the CIITA gene locus of iPSCs.

Example 15: Generation of Anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In, CIITANull Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Plasmids were designed to insert an anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer intothe CIITA gene locus essentially as described above in Example 6 (i.e.,86 bp of the CIITA exon 2 would be removed after undergoing HDR). Eachdonor plasmid contained a CAGGS promoter operably linked to a cDNA of ananti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer flanked by 800 base pair homology armswith identical sequence to the CIITA gene locus around exon 2. The HLA-Etrimer cDNA was composed of a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-Gpresentation peptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to theHLA-E protein without its signal peptide. The HLA-E trimer codingsequence (including linkers) is SEQ ID NO: 75 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47,48, 49, 50, and 51). The P2A peptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 45) connectingthe anti-CD30 CAR and the HLA-E trimer allows for the separateexpression of both proteins from the single mRNA. Each donor plasmidalso contained a PD-L1 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 146) operably linkedto an EF-1 alpha promoter (SEQ ID NO: 149) downstream of the righthomology arm sequence (SEQ ID NO: 32) such that PD-L1 would be expressedif the plasmid integrated into the genome. Probes spanning the plasmidbackbone can be used to detect plasmid integration using ddPCR. FACSwith an anti-PD-L1 antibody can be used to remove PD-L1 positive cells.

FIG. 31 presents a schematic of an anti-CD30 CAR 4-P2A-HLA-E encodingplasmid (SEQ ID NO: 110) and Table 41 identifies the elements andlocations therein. The anti-CD30 CAR 4 coding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 108(i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 106, 126, 107, and 128) and the anti-CD30 CAR 4amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 109. The anti-CD30 CAR 4-P2A-HLA-Ecoding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 119 (i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 106, 126, 107,128, and 44-51).

FIG. 32 presents a schematic of an anti-CD30 CAR 5-P2A-HLA-E encodingplasmid (SEQ ID NO: 114) and Table 42 identifies the elements andlocations therein. The anti-CD30 CAR 5 coding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 112(i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 111, 126, 127, and 128) and the anti-CD30 CAR 4amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 113. The anti-CD30 CAR 5-P2A-HLA-Ecoding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 120 (i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 111, 126, 127,128, and 44-51).

FIG. 33 presents a schematic of an anti-CD30 CAR 6-P2A-HLA-E encodingplasmid (SEQ ID NO: 118) and Table 43 identifies the elements andlocations therein. The anti-CD30 CAR 6 coding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 116(i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 115, 126, 127, and 128) and the anti-CD30 CAR 4amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 117. The anti-CD30 CAR 6-P2A-HLA-Ecoding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 121 (i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 26, 115, 126, 127,128, and 44-51).

TABLE 41 Elements of anti-CD30 CAR 4-P2A-HLA-E Donor Plasmid ElementLocation (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: LHA-CIITA 11,107-641 (800) 22 CMVenhancer 670-1049 (380) 23 chicken β-actin promoter 1052-1327 (276) 24chimeric intron 1328-2336 (1009) 25 CD8a signal peptide 2381-2443 (63)26 Brent_vH_vL 2444-3172 (729) 106 CD8TM 3173-3436 (264) 126 CD28 domain3437-3556 (120) 107 CD3Z domain 3557-3892 (336) 128 GSG tag 3893-3901(9) 44 P2A 3902-3958 (57) 45 B2M signal sequence 3959-4018 (60) 46 HLA-Gpeptide 4019-4045 (27) 47 GS linker 4046-4090 (45) 48 B2M 4091-4387(297) 49 GS linker 4388-4447 (60) 50 HLA-E 4448-5458 (1011) 51 3X Stopcodons 5459-5467 (9) 52 bGH poly(A) signal 5485-5709 (225) 31 RHA-CIITA5716-6515 (800) 32 EF-1 alpha promoter 6535-7712 (1178) 149 PD-Ll CDS7728-8600 (873) 146 SV40 poly(A) sequence 8618-8739 (122) 147 Totalplasmid 11,265 bp 110

TABLE 42 Elements of anti-CD30 CAR 5-P2A-HLA-E Donor Plasmid ElementLocation (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: LHA-CIITA 11,205-766 (800)  22 CMVenhancer 774-1153 (380)  23 chicken β-actin promoter 1156-1431 (276)  24chimeric intron 1432-2440 (1009)  25 CD8a signal peptide 2485-2547 (63) 26 5F11_vH_vL 2548-3249 (702) 111 CD8TM 3250-3513 (264) 126 41BBco-stim domain 3514-3639 (126) 127 CD3Z domain 3640-3975 (336) 128 GSGtag 3976-3984 (9)  44 P2A 3985-4041 (57)  45 B2M signal sequence4042-4101 (60)  46 HLA-G peptide 4102-4128 (27)  47 GS linker 4129-4173(45)  48 B2M 4174-4470 (297)  49 GS linker 4471-4530 (60)  50 HLA-E4531-5541 (1011)  51 3X Stop codons 5542-5550 (9)  52 bGH poly(A) signal5568-5792 (225)  31 RIIA-CIITA 5799-6598 (800)  32 EF-1 alpha promoter6618-7795 (1178) 149 PD-Ll CDS 7811-8683 (873) 146 SV40 poly(A) sequence8701-8822 (122) 147 Total plasmid 12,224 114

TABLE 43 Elements of anti-CD30 CAR 6-P2A-HLA-E Donor Plasmid ElementLocation (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: LHA-CIITA 11,205-766 (800)  22 CMVenhancer 795-1174 (380)  23 chicken β-actin promoter 1177-1452 (276)  24chimeric intron 1453-2461 (1009)  25 CD8a signal peptide 2500-2568 (63) 26 5F11_vL_vH 2569-3270 (700) 115 CD8TM 3271-3528 (264) 126 41BBco-stim domain 3529-3654 (126) 127 CD3Z domain 3655-3990 (336) 128 GSGtag 3991-3999 (9)  44 P2A 4000-4056 (57)  45 B2M signal sequence4057-4116 (60)  46 HLA-G peptide 4117-4143 (27)  47 GS linker 4144-4188(45)  48 B2M 4189-4485 (297)  49 GS linker 4486-4545 (60)  50 HLA-E4546-5556 (1011)  51 3X Stop codons 5557-5565 (9)  52 bGH poly(A) signal5583-5807 (225)  31 RIIA-CIITA 5814-6613 (800)  32 EF-1 alpha promoter6633-7810 (1178) 149 PD-Ll CDS 7826-8698 (873) 146 SV40 poly(A) signal8716-8837 (122) 147 Total plasmid 11,238 bp 118

The CIITA-T6 gRNA (Table 19) was used to facilitate insertion of theanti-CD30 CAR transgenes at the targeted CIITA gene locus. The targetsequence of CIITA-T6 is not present in the donor plasmid and thus thedonor plasmid itself would not be targeted by this gRNA. CIITA-T6induced CRISPR cutting in the human genome at exon 2 of CIITA would leadto a frameshift and loss of CIITA protein. Each CD30 CAR donor plasmidwas introduced along with a RNP complex made up of the CIITA targetinggRNA and Cas9 protein. Per 1 million of human embryonic stem cells, 2 μgof plasmid DNA was delivered along with the RNP via electroporation.Electroporation was carried out using the Neon Electroporator with theRNP mixture of Cas9 protein and guide RNA at a molar ratio of 1:5 withabsolute values of 125 pmol Cas9 and 625 pmol gRNA per 2 million cells.To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9 were combined in one vessel withR-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to a total volume of 25-50 μL andincubated for 15 min at room temperature (RT). Cells were dissociatedusing ACCUTASE®, then resuspended in STEMFLEX™ media, counted using anNC-200 (ChemoMetec) and centrifuged. A total of 2×10⁶ cells wereresuspended with the RNP complex and R-buffer was added to a totalvolume of 115 μL. This mixture was then electroporated with 3 pulses for30 ms at 1000 V. Following electroporation, the cells were pipetted outinto a well of a 6 well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ media withREVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:10 dilution.Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

At 2 days post electroporation, the cells were enriched for transfectionvia fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using an antibody againstHLA-E (see Table 21). Plasmid integration analysis revealed that 1/46cell clones was free of integrated plasmid. However, if PD-L1 positivecells were removed prior to the cell sorting, 24/82 cell clones wereplasmid free. Thus, FACS was performed using PD-L1 negative cells. Sevento ten days post electroporation, the cells were again enriched forHLA-E trimer knock in cells using FACS. These enriched cells representbulk KI population of anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer positive cells. PCRfor the genotyping of the edited clones was performed and the resultingamplified DNA was assessed for cutting efficiency by TIDE analysis.

Example 16: Differentiating Stem Cells into Natural KillerCells—Protocol 2

It was discovered that some induced pluripotent stem cells did notdifferentiate efficiently with Protocol 1 described above in Example 1.Thus, Protocol 2 (also called Aligned Process 2.0 or AP2.0) wasdeveloped to differentiate these iPSCs into hematopoietic stem andprogenitor cells (HSPCs) and then into natural killer (NK) cells. Priorto differentiation, frozen iPSCs were thawed and re-suspended inNK-MED-001a medium (Table 44). Flasks pre-coated with laminin-521 wereused for cell culturing. Medium was changed daily using NK-MED-002a(Table 45) medium until cells were used for differentiation.

NK Cell Differentiation. iPS cells were differentiated using thefollowing steps:

1. Day-1 (afternoon), iPSC aggregation: NK-MED-002a medium was aspiratedfrom flasks containing iPSC and the cells were washed with DPBS (nocalcium, no magnesium) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 14190250). DPBS wasaspirated and 2 mL ACCUTASE® (Innovative Cell Technologies, AT-104) wasadded per T25 flask (or 80 μL of ACCUTASE® per 1 cm²). Cells wereincubated at 37° C. for 3-5 min (not more than 7 minutes). Accutasedigested cells were diluted with cold NK-MED-002a medium to a ratio ofat least 3:1 (NK-MED-002:ACCUTASE®). Cells were gently resuspended andtransferred to a conical tube. Optionally, enough NK-MED-002a medium wasadded to cells to dilute the ACCUTASE® to a ratio of at least 1:1 and upto 4:1 (NK-MED-002a:ACCUTASE®). Cells were pelleted by spinning at20-300 g for 4 to 5 minutes and re-suspended in 10 mL of NK-MED-003amedium (Table 46). Cells were counted and the cell concentration wasdiluted to 1×10⁶/mL. 6×10⁶ cells were transferred to another tube andresuspended in a total of 6 mL of NK-MED-003a medium. The cells weretransferred to 1 well of ultra-low adhesion 6-well plate (Corning, 3471)and the plate was placed on a platform shaker and rotated at 98 RPM for18+/−2 hours (overnight).

2. At day 0, morning, at 18+/−2 hours after iPSC aggregation: The platewas rotated in a circular motion to move aggregates towards center ofthe well and aggregates were collected in a conical tube. Alternatively,all the aggregate solution mix was collected. Aggregates were allowed tosettle for 15+/−5 minutes. Cells were resuspended in NK-MED-004 medium(Table 47). The cell number in aggregates was counted. The seedingdensity was adjusted as needed to resuspend 3×10⁵ cells in aggregates in2 mL NK-MED-004 medium and plated in one well of a 6-well low adhesionplate. Alternatively, for scale up, an appropriate number of cells wasresuspended and transferred to a PBS spinner vessel (PBS Biotech).Seeding density tested for PBS seeding vessel was approximately 1×10³cells per mL per final media volume (day 0+8 hrs). The plate was placedon a platform shaker and rotated at 98 RPM for 8 hours or the PBSspinner vessel were placed on a PBS base (PBS-MINI MagDrive Base Unit;PBS Biotech), in CO₂ incubator with a rotation speed of RPM 38 to 39.

3. At day 0, afternoon, at 8 hours after NK-MED-004 medium addition: 50mL or 250 mL per well or spinner vessel, respectively, of NK-MED-005cmedium (Table 48) was added. The plate was returned to platform shakeror PBS spinner vessel to its base in the CO₂ incubator and leftundisturbed until day 2. NK-MED-005c medium components were 2× of theirfinal concentration, therefore it was added to cells in NK-MED-004 at a1:1 volume ratio.

4. At day 2: NK-MED-005c medium was replaced with NK-MED-006b medium(Table 49).

5. At day 4: NK-MED-006b medium was replaced with NK-MED-007 medium(Table 50).

6. At day 6: NK-MED-007 medium was replaced with NK-MED-008b medium(Table 51), or alternatively: starting at day 6, medium with allaggregates and single cells was transferred into an appropriate volumecentrifuge conical tube. Cells were centrifuged and resuspended inNK-MED-008b medium and placed back into original wells and onto platformshaker, or into original vessels and onto base, and returned forcontinued culture.

7. At day 10: Half or full media change was made with NK-MED-008bmedium.

8. At day 14: Full media change was made with NK-MED-009b medium (Table52).

9. At day 17: One-third media change was made NK-MED-009b medium andthen a full media change was made with NK-MED-009b medium.

From day 20 onwards: Starting at day 20, single cell density wasestimated from cell culture. A full media change was made withNK-MED-010 medium (Table 53) and cell density adjusted to within 0.8 to1.5×10⁶ cells/mL. A full media change with NK-MED-010 medium andadjustment of cell density to 0.8-1.5×10⁶ cells/mL was performed every2-3 days from day 20 to 30.

In the tables below, the volumes are approximate to get the desiredconcentrations.

TABLE 44 Medium composition for NK-MED-001a Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. StemBrew Basal Media 90% 980 mL 100% StemBrewSupplement 1X 20 mL 50X Thiazovivin (Biological 2 μM 200 μL 10 mMIndustry, 1226056-71-8)

TABLE 45 Medium composition for NK-MED-002a Working Stock ComponentConc. Volume Conc. StemBrew Basal Media 90% 980 mL 100% StemBrewSupplement 1 X  20 mL 50 X

TABLE 46 Medium composition for NK-MED-003a Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. StemBrew Basal 90% 979 mL 100% StemBrew Supplement 1X20 mL 50X Thiazovivin (Biological 10 μM 1000 μL 10 mM Industry,1226056-71-8)

TABLE 47 Medium composition for NK-MED-004 Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 999 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh BMP-4 30 ng/mL 300 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,120-05ET) Thiazovivin (Biological 10 μM  1000 μL 10 mM  Industry,1226056-71-8)

TABLE 48 Medium composition for NK-MED-005c Working Component Conc.Volume Stock Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100% 998 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh BMP-4 30 ng/mL 300 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,120-05ET) rh FGF2 100 ng/mL 1000 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 100-18C-1MG)CHIR-99021 7 μM 700 μL 10 mM (Selleckchem, S1263) Activin-A (R&DSystems, 5 ng/mL 100 μL 50 μg/mL 338-AC-01M/CF

TABLE 49 Medium composition for NK-MED-006b Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100%  997 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh FGF2 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-18C-1MG) rh VEGF165 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-20-1MG) rh TPO 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-18) rh SCF100 ng/mL  1000 μL  100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07) rh IL-3 40 ng/mL 400μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh Flt3L 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) SB431542 5 μM   500 μL 10 mM  (Selleckchem,S1067)

TABLE 50 Medium composition for NK-MED-007 Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. STEMdiff APEL 2 Medium 100%  998 mL 100% (STEMCELLTechnologies, 05275) rh FGF2 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,100-18C-1MG rh VEGF165 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 100-20-1MG)rh TPO 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-18) rh SCF 100 ng/mL 1000 μL  100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07) rh IL-3 40 ng/mL 400 μL 100 μg/mL(Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh F1t3L 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,300-19)

TABLE 51 Medium composition for NK-MED-008b Working Component Conc.Volume Stock Conc. DMEM (high glucose, 50.3%   503 mL 100% GlutaMAX)(Thermo Fisher, 10566016) F-12 with GlutaMAX 28% 280 mL 100% (ThermoFisher, 31765035) GlutaMAX lx  10 mL 100X (Thermo Fisher, 35050079)Glucose* 4.66 mM  4.2 mL 1110 mM   Human AB serum 20%  20 mL 100%(Valley Biomedical Inc, HP1022) Zinc sulfate 36.2 μM    978 μL 37 mM (Millipore Sigma, Z0251) Ethanolamine 50 μM    3 μL 16.6M (MilliporeSigma, E0135) Ascorbic acid 15 μg/mL  15 μL   10 mg/mL (FisherScientific, NC0762606) Sodium selenite  5 ng/mL  50 μL 100 μg/mL(Millipore Sigma, S9133-1MG) rh IL-3  5 ng/mL  50 μL 100 μg/mL(Peprotech, 200-03-100UG) rh IL-7 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech,200-07) rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) rh IL-1515 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-15) rh SCF 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07) *Total glucose concentration in medium is 20mM (accounting for glucose in DMEM medium, F12 supplement and addedglucose provided here).

TABLE 52 Medium composition for NK-MED-009b Working Component Conc.Volume Stock Conc. DMEM (high glucose, 50.3%   503 mL 100% GlutaMAX)(Thermo Fisher, 10566016) F-12 with GlutaMAX 28% 280 mL 100% (ThermoFisher, 31765035) GlutaMAX 1X 10 mL 100X (Thermo Fisher, 35050079)Glucose* 4.66 mM 4.2 mL 1110 mM Human AB serum 20% 20 mL 100% (ValleyBiomedical Inc, HP1022) Zinc sulfate 37 μM 978 μL 37 mM (MilliporeSigma, Z0251) Ethanolamine 50 μM 3 μL 16.6M (Millipore Sigma, E0135)Ascorbic acid 15 μg/mL 1500 μL 10 mg/mL (Fisher Scientific, NC0762606)Sodium selenite 5 ng/mL 50 μL 100 μg/mL (Millipore Sigma, S9133-1MG) rhIL-7 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 200-07) rh Flt3L 15 ng/mL 150μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-19) rh IL-15 15 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL(Peprotech, 200-15) rh SCF 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100 μg/mL (Peprotech, 300-07)*Total glucose concentration in medium is 20 mM (accounting for glucosein DMEM medium, F12 supplement and added glucose provided here).

TABLE 53 Medium composition for NK-MED-010 Component Working Conc.Volume Stock Conc. DMEM (high 60.5%   605 mL 100% glucose, GlutaMAX)F-12 with GlutaMAX 28% 280 mL 100% GlutaMAX 1x 10 mL 100X Glucose* 2.33mM 2.1 mL 1110 mM Human AB serum 10% 100 mL 100% Zinc sulfate 37 μM 978μL 37 mM Ethanolamine 50 μM 3 μL 16.6M Ascorbic acid 15 μg/mL 1500 μL 10mg/mL Sodium selenite 5 ng/mL 50 μL 100 μg/mL Nicotinamide 6.5 mM 6.5 mL1000 mM rh IL-7 10 ng/mL 100 μL 100 μg/mL rh Flt3L 7.5 ng/mL 75 μL 100μg/mL rh IL-15 15 ng/mL 150 μL 100 μg/mL rh SCF 20 ng/mL 200 μL 100μg/mL *Total glucose concentration in medium is 20 mM (accounting forglucose in DMEM medium, F12 supplement and added glucose provided here).

Example 17: Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells withSERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In and B2M Knock-Out

The SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer sequence was inserted into a human iPSCscell line. B2M-2 gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 34; Table 19) was used to facilitatethe insertion of the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer transgene at the targetedB2M gene locus.

A donor plasmid was designed to insert the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimertransgene into the B2M gene locus such that the starting codon of B2Mwas removed after undergoing homology directed repair (HDR) to insertthe transgene, nullifying any chance of partial B2M expression. TheSERPINB9 and HLA-E trimer sequences were linked by P2A peptide sequencesto allow for expression of two separate proteins encoded from a singletranscript. FIG. 34 presents a schematic of the donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 130) and Table 54 identifies the elements and locations therein. Thedonor plasmid comprises the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer transgene (SEQ IDNO: 131) operably linked to a CAGGS promoter (comprising a CMV enhancer,a chicken β-actin promoter, and a chimeric intron) flanked by 800 basepair homology arms with sequence identity to the B2M gene locus aroundthe target site in exon 1. The HLA-E trimer cDNA was composed of a B2Msignal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentation peptide fused to the B2Mmembrane protein fused to the HLA-E protein without its signal peptide.The HLA-E trimer coding sequence (including linkers) is SEQ ID NO: 75(i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 46, 4, 48, 49, 50, and 51). This HLA-E trimer designhas been previously published (Gornalusse et al. (2017) Nat. Biotechnol.35(8): 765-772).

TABLE 54 Elements of (B2M) SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Donor PlasmidElement Location (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: Left ITR 1-130 (130) 21 LHA-B2M145-944 (800) 36 CMV enhancer 973-1352 (380) 23 chicken β-actin promoter1355-1630 (276) 24 chimeric intron 1631-2639 (1009) 25 SERPINB9 CDS2684-3811 (1128) 129 GSG tag 3812-3820 (9) 44 P2A 3821-3877 (57) 45 B2Msignal sequence 3878-3937 (60) 46 HLA-G peptide 3938-3964 (27) 47 GSlinker 1 3965-4009 (45) 48 B2M membrane protein 4010-4306 (297) 49 GSlinker 2 4307-4366 (60) 50 HLA-E CDS 4367-5377 (1011) 51 3X Stop codons5378-5386 (9) 52 bGH poly(A) signal 5404-5628 (225) 31 RHA-B2M 5635-6434(800) 54 Right ITR 6476-6616 (141) 33 Entire plasmid (8963) 130

The SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimer donor plasmid was introduced along with aribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made up of the B2M targeting gRNA andCas9 protein. Per 1 million of hiPSC cells, 4 μg of plasmid DNA wasdelivered along with the RNP via electroporation. Electroporation wascarried out in hiPSC cells using the Neon Electroporator with the RNPmixture of Cas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (Biospring) at a molarratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of 125 pmol Cas9 and 625pmol gRNA per 1 million cells. To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to atotal volume of 25-50 μL and incubated for 15 min at room temperature(RT). Cells were dissociated using ACCUTASE®, then resuspended inStemFlex media, counted using an NC-200 (Chemometec) and centrifuged. Atotal of 2×10⁶ cells were resuspended with the RNP complex and R-bufferwas added to a total volume of ˜115 μL. This mixture was thenelectroporated with 3 pulses for 30 ms at 1100 V. Two electroporationswas performed. Following electroporation, the cells were pipetted outinto a well of a 6 well plate filled with StemFlex media with RevitaCelland laminin 511. The plates were pre-coated with BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at1:10 dilution. Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8%CO₂).

Seven to ten days post electroporation, the cells were enriched forHLA-E trimer expressing cells using an antibody against HLA-E (Table 21)via magnetic assisted cell sorting (MACS) using anti-mouse IgG Dynabeads(ThermoFisher, CELLection™ Pan Mouse IgG Kit, 11531D). These enrichedcells represent a bulk KI population of SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimerpositive cells. This population was assessed for HLA-E expression byflow cytometry, showing >90% HLA-E expression (FIG. 35 ).

Following MACS-enrichment, the cells were single-cell sorted asdescribed in Example 1. The anti-HLA-E-PE antibody (Table 21) was usedfor FACS-sorting into 96-well plates. For FACS-sorting, unedited cellsserved as a negative control. After sorting, the cells were expanded asdescribed in Example 1 and when confluent, samples were split formaintenance and genomic DNA extraction.

PCR for the genotyping of the edited clones (SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E trimerknock-in, B2M Null Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs)) was performedand the resulting amplified DNA was assessed for cutting efficiency byTIDE analysis.

For determining SERPMN9-P2A-HLA-E trimer knock-in genotyping in thetarget B2M sequence, PCR for relevant regions was performed using a2-step protocol with Platinum Taq Supermix (Invitrogen, cat #125320176and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCR primers are presented abovein Table 26; and the cycling conditions are provided in Table 27.

FIG. 36 shows genotyping results of the transgene KI into B2M gene locusfor various edited clones. The presence of a 1.1 kb band indicatedsuccessful integration of the KI construct into the B2M gene locus,while the absence of a band indicated a WT genotype.

For determining the presence of any unwanted bacterial plasmid elementsfrom the KI plasmid, two PCRs were performed using Platinum Taq Supermix(Invitrogen, cat #125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCRprimers are presented in Tables 55 and 57; and the cycling conditionsare provided in Tables 56 and 58.

TABLE 55 Plasmid #1 Primers SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′) NO: Ori-F2forward CCCTTAACGTGAGTTTTCGTTCCACTGAGC 132 GTCAGACCCCGTAGAAAAGATCAAAGGOri-R reverse GTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGC 133CACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAG

TABLE 56 Plasmid #1 PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature Time CyclesDenaturation 98° C. 30 sec  1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30 Extension72° C. 10 sec Elongation 72° C. 1 min  1 Hold  4° C. hold

TABLE 57 Plasmid #2 Primers SEQ ID Name Type Sequence (5′-3′′) NO:F1-Ori-F forward CACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCCTT 134TCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTC F1-Ori-R2 reverse GGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTC135 GGGG

TABLE 58 Plasmid #2 PCR Cycling Parameters Step Temperature Time CyclesDenaturation 98° C. 30 sec  1 Denaturation 98° C. 10 sec 30 Extension72° C. 10 sec Elongation 72° C. 1 min  1 Hold 4 hold

FIG. 37 shows the first PCR amplifying the bacterial plasmid elementsthat are not supposed to integrate into the genome by HDR because theyare outside the homology arms. Both the 5′ and 3′ primers bind outsideof the homology arms within the KI plasmid. The presence of a 340 bpband indicates that there is random integration of the plasmid backbonewithin the genome, clones without bands do not have plasmid insertion.

FIG. 38 shows the second PCR amplifying the bacterial plasmid elementsoutside of the homology arms. The presence of a 476 bp band indicatesthat there is random integration of the plasmid backbone within thegenome, clones without bands do not have plasmid insertion.

For determining indels in the target B2M sequence, PCR for relevantregions was performed using Platinum Taq Supermix (Invitrogen, cat#125320176 and Cat #11495017). The sequences of the PCR primers arepresented above in Table 22; and the cycling conditions are provided inTable 23.

FIG. 39 shows the B2M indel results for various edited clones. Thepresence of a 573 bp band indicated a WT genotype which would be foundin clones that are unedited or are heterozygous for the KI construct, ashomozygous clones will not have a band. The B2M KO state of clones wasconfirmed via PCR and Sanger sequencing. The resulting DNA sequences ofthe target B2M region were aligned in Snapgene software to determineindel identity and homo- or heterozygosity.

Based on the PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis of the edited clones,the clone shown in lane 25 in FIGS. 36-39 was chosen as “clone 1” andthe clone shown in lane 42 was chosen as “clone 2,” which were shown tohave the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E KI and no bacterial plasmid elements, whilethe sequencing data confirmed that B2M was completely knocked-out. Clone1 was homozygous for the KI into B2M while clone 2 was heterozygous forthe KI and had an indel of +1T in the B2M WT band. Clones in lanes 2,19, 23, and 33 were also chosen as “clones 3-6,” respectively, and wereconfirmed homozygous for the SERPINB9-P2A-HLA-E KI into B2M.

Example 18: Differentiation of Stem Cells into Natural Killer Cells

The SERPINB9 KI/HLA-E KI/B2M KO stem cells (clones 1-4) prepared inExample 17, were differentiated into natural killer (NK) cells (iNKcells). FIG. 40 provides a schematic timeline and cell stages of iNKdifferentiation, as well as the characteristic cell markers at eachstage. The iNK differentiation protocol was developed and based onpublished protocols (see e.g., Ng et al., Nat Protocols 3:768:776 (2008)and U.S. Pat. No. 9,260,696). The iNK cells expressed NK cell markers.FIG. 41 presents an example of CD45⁺/CD56⁺ iNK cells development duringIPSC WT and SERPINB9 KI/HLA-E KI/B2M KO lines differentiation to iNKusing the iNK differentiation protocol. Listed edits introduced intoIPSC did not affect iNK differentiation.

Example 19: SERPINB9 Protects Differentiated Cells from NK Cell Killing

The ability of cells differentiated from the SERPINB9 KI stem cells tosurvive attack from peripheral blood NK (PB-NK) cells was determinedusing a luminescent cell viability assay (CellTiter-Glo®, Promega). Thisassay determines the number of viable cells based on quantitation of theATP present, which signals the presence of metabolically active cells.After incubation with effector cells, the CellTiter-Glo reagent wasadded to the target cells and luminescence was measured. The lightintensity is linearly related to ATP concentration.

The cytotoxicity of PB-NK cells toward iNK cells differentiated fromedited iPSCs was examined. PB-NK effector cells derived from severaldonors were incubated with day 31 iNK target cells (derived from clones1 and 2) prepared above in Example 18 at E:T ratios of 1:1 or 2:1 for18-24 hour. Control target cells included iNK derived from wild-typeiPSC cells and B2M KO iPSC cells. FIG. 42A and FIG. 42B present thepercent of target cell lysis in the presence of PB-NK cells from twodifferent donors, PBNK donor 4 (FIG. 42A) and PBNK donor 6 (FIG. 42B),respectively. The B2M KO/SERPINB9 KI/HLA-E KI provided protection fromNK killing as compared to B2M KO alone. FIGS. 42C-42E show the percentof target cell lysis (i.e., day 35 iNK target cells (derived from clone4) prepared above in Example 3) in the presence of PB-NK cells from 3different donors, PBNK-CLL-donor #1 (FIG. 42C), PBNK donor 4 (FIG. 42D),and PBNK donor 6 (FIG. 42E), respectively, at E:T ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1or 2:1 for 24 hours.

Example 20: Generation Off Human Pluripotent Stem Cells withSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα Fusion Knock-In and B2M Knock-Out

A transgene comprising SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα fusion was inserted inthe B2M gene locus of human iPSCs. The B2M-2 gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 34) shownin Table 19 was used. The donor plasmid was designed such that thestarting codon of B2M was removed after undergoing homology directedrepair to insert the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα sequence, nullifying anychance of partial B2M expression. FIG. 43 presents a schematic of theplasmid (SEQ ID NO: 148) and Table 59 identifies the elements andlocations therein. The donor plasmid contained a CAGGS promoter drivenSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα cDNA sequence flanked by 800 base pair homologyarms with identical sequence to the B2M gene locus around exon 1. TheIL15/IR15a fusion sequence was designed as previously published (Hurtonet al. (2016) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 113(48):E7788-E7797. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610544113). The IL15/IR15a fusion coding sequence(including linkers) is SEQ ID NO: 76 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41, 42, and43). The SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα coding sequence is SEQ ID NO: 137(i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 129, 44, 45, and 40-43). The donor plasmid (SEQ IDNO: 148) also contained sequence encoding PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO: 146) drivenby an EF-1 alpha promoter (SEQ ID NO: 145) downstream of the righthomology arm for screening and removing cell clones in which the donorplasmid erroneously integrated into the genome.

TABLE 59 Elements of (B2M) SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα Donor PlasmidElement Location (size in bp) SEQ ID NO: LHA-B2M 9791-10590 (800) 36 CMVenhancer 10619-353 (380) 23 chicken β-actin promoter 356-631 (276) 24chimeric intron 632-1640 (1009) 25 SERPINB9 CDS 1685-2812(1128) 129 GSGtag 2813-2821(9) 44 P2A 2822-2878 (57) 45 IgE signal peptide 2879-2932(54) 40 IL-15 CDS 2933-3331 (399) 41 linker 3332-3409 (78) 42 IL15Rα CDS3410-4120(711) 43 bGH poly(A) signal 4144-4368 (225) 31 RHA-B2M4375-5174 (800) 54 EF-1α promoter 5194-6396 (1203) 145 PD-Ll 6412-7284(873) 146 SV40 poly(A) signal 7302-7423 (122) 147 Entire plasmid 10,645bp 148

The cells were electroporated with an RNP comprising Cas9 and B2M-2 gRNAand the donor plasmid, cultured, and characterized essentially asdescribed above in Examples 15 and 17. For example, PD-L1 negative cellswere cell sorted for 1115 positive cells by FACS on day 2 postelectroporation. 1115 positive cells were again cell sorted by FACS postday. 7. FIG. 44 shows that the edited cells were effectively edited andmaintained in bulk populations. The bulk population of edited cells weredifferentiated, essentially as described in Example 16. iNK biomarkerswere measured on Day 28 (FIGS. 45A and 45B). In a cell killing assay,day 28 and 35 iNK cells had high level of cytotoxicity against K562cells (4 hr incubation).

After confirmation of the transgene KI and B2M KO, the cells with thebase edits (SERPINB9 KI, IL15/IL15Rα KO, B2M KO) were further edited tohave CISH KO (CISH Ex1 T18; SEQ ID NO: 82) and FAS KO (FAS Ex 1 T9; SEQID NO: 37) (i.e., prototype edits) and differentiated essentially asdescribed above in Example 18.

Example 21: Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells withSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα Fusion Knock-In and B2M Knock-Out, Anti-CD30CAR-P2A-HLA-E Trimer Knock-In and CIITA Knock-Out, CISH Knock-Out, andFas Knock-Out

iPSC cells were generated to have SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI and B2M KO,anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E KI and CIITA KO, as well as CISH KO and FAS KO,generally as described in Examples 15 and 20, with modifications.

First, SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a was knocked into the cells using theSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 148) and the B2M-T2 gRNA.The iPSCs were passaged the day before electroporation and seeded as 10million cells per T75 flask. On day of electroporation, the cells weresplit again and electroporated using the Neon Electroporator with theRNP mixture of Cas9 protein (Biomay) and guide RNA (IDT) at a molarratio of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolute values of 625 pmol gRNA and 125pmol Cas9 per 2 million cells. To form the RNP complex, gRNA and Cas9were combined in one vessel with R-buffer (Neon Transfection Kit) to atotal volume of 25-50 μL and incubated for 15 min at room temperature(RT). This mixture was then combined with the cells to a total volume of˜115 μL using R-buffer. This mixture was then electroporated with 3pulses for 30 ms at 1000 V. Following electroporation, the cells werepipetted out into a 6 well plate filled with STEMFLEX™ media withREVITACELL™ Supplement (100×) and BIOLAMININ 521 CTG at 1:10 dilution.Cells were cultured in a normoxia incubator (37° C., 8% CO₂).

On day 2 post electroporation, the PD-L1 negative cells were FACS-sorted(FACS #1) for IL15 positive cells to enrich for transfected cells. At 7to 10 days post electroporation, the cells were FACS-sorted (FACS #2)again for IL15⁺ cells to enrich for knock in positive cells (e.g.,L5V018B cells). The cells were allowed to expand, and then FAS wasknocked out using the FAS Ex1 T9 gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 37). The knockoutedits were performed using an RNP of 5:1 (gRNA:Cas9) with absolutevalues of 625 pmol gRNA and 125 pmol Cas9 per 1 million cells. Thismixture was then electroporated with 1 pulse for 20 ms at 1500 Vfollowed by 1 pulse for 100 ms at 500 V. The cells were electroporatedwith RNP targeting FAS twice 3 days apart to ensure near 100% knockout.Following knockout of FAS, the cells were treated with RNP targetingCISH (CISH Ex1 T18 gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 82)) and were also electroporatedtwice 3 days apart to ensure near 100% knockout of CISH. After thistargeting, the bulk population represents an enriched population ofSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI cells with knockouts of B2M, FAS, and CISH(e.g., BL5V019B cells).

This population was expanded and the cells were electroporated with aplasmid encoding anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E trimer (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 110,114, or 118 encoding anti-CD30 CAR 4, 5, or 6, respectively) and RNPtargeting CIITA. This electroporation for KI was done the same way asthe electroporation for KI of SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a above. At 2 dayspost electroporation, the cells were enriched for transfection byperforming FACS (FACS #3) for HLA-E. At 7 to 10 days postelectroporation, the cells were FACS (FACS #4) sorted again for HLA-E toenrich for HLA-E knock in positive cells. After FACS #4, the cells werebulk sorted to remove residual PD-L1 positive cells. This populationrepresents an enriched bulk of SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI and anti-CD30CAR-P2A-HLA-E KI double positive cells with a knockout of B2M, FAS,CISH, and CIITA (e.g., termed L5V024B (anti-CD30 CAR4), L5V025B(anti-CD30 CAR5), or L5V026B (anti-CD30 CAR6) cells). The cells weredifferentiated essentially as described in Example 18 and characterized.Some of the cells from the bulk population cells were single cell sortedfor EIL15 and HLA-E double positive cells and plated on 96 well platesfor the generation of single cell clones.

Example 22: Characterization of iNK Cells Derived from SERPINB9 KI,IL15/IL15Rα KI, Anti-CD30 CAR KI, HLA-E KI, B2M KO, CIITA KO, CISH KO,FAS KO Cells

FIG. 46 presents expression patterns of CD45 and CD56 during iNKdifferentiation of the cells with base edits (e.g.,SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI, B2M KO), prototype edits (e.g.,SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI, B2M KO, CISH KO, FAS KO), and the CARinserts (e.g., SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IR15a KI, anti-CD30 CAR-P2A-HLA-E KI,B2M KO, FAS KO, CISH KO, and CIITA KO). By day 36, more than 99% of allthe cell lines were CD45⁺/CD56⁺, indicating efficient iNKdifferentiation.

Co-incubation of day 29 iNK cells with various CD30⁺ cancer cellsrevealed that the cells with the anti-CD30 CARS were more effectivekillers than the cells with base edits or prototype edits (see FIGS.47A-D). Some of the anti-CD30 CAR cells had more than 90% killing after4 hrs at the highest effector-target ratio (5:1). In general, CAR5outperformed CAR4 and CAR6 in the CD30 cancer cell cytotoxicity assay.

Example 23: In Vivo Testing of iNK Cells Derived from SERPINB9 KI,IL15/IL15Rα KI, Anti-CD30 CAR KI, HLA-E KI, B2M KO, CIITA KO, CISH KO,FAS KO Cells

Mice were intravenously injected with 5×10⁶ L428 cancer cells labeledwith luciferase. Four days later (day 0), 10×10⁶ iNK cells comprisingCAR5 (2:1 E:T ratio) were intravenously injected into the mice. Two moreintravenous injections of 10 million iNK cells at days 7 and 14 of iNKcells will be given, and the organs will be harvested at day 28 forcancer cell localization. FIG. 48 presents a schematic of the protocol.

Example 24: Alternatives to Differentiating Stem Cells into NaturalKiller Cells—Protocol 2.5

The differentiation protocol according to Example 16 was repeated withthe following alterations, alone or in combination:

1. During the NK Cell differentiation stage, iPS cells were cultured andaggregated using a “scaled up” approach. Specifically, the NK celldifferentiation, Step 1 (Day-1 (afternoon), iPSC aggregation) step wasperformed as follows. iPSCs were grown in T175, T225, 1-cells stack or2-cell stack and digested with Accutase as previously described.Accutase digested cells were diluted 1:1 with cold NK-MED-002 medium.Cells were gently resuspended and transferred to a conical tube. Cellswere pelleted by spinning at 20-300 g for 4 to 5 minutes andre-suspended in 10 mL of NK-MED-003 medium. Cells were counted and thecell concentration was diluted to 1×10⁶/mL. 60-100×10⁶ cells weretransferred to PBS100 and resuspended in a total of 60-100 mL ofNK-MED-003 medium correspondingly. PBS vessels were placed onto PBS baseand rotated overnight at 45 RPM.

2. ROCK Inhibitor: The ROCK inhibitor used in NK-MED-003 in the previousstep, was Y-27652 (10 μM) instead of thiazovivin.

3. Nicotinamide: Nicotinamide was omitted from NK-MED-010 (used at day20 onwards).

Cells were differentiated and characterized as described in previousexamples.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

Various references such as patents, patent applications, andpublications, are cited herein, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

What is claimed is:
 1. An in vitro method for generating an engineeredcell, the method comprising delivering to a cell: (a) a first CRISPRassociated RNA-guided endonuclease and a first gRNA targeting a targetsite in a beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene locus; and (b) a first vectorcomprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotidesequence encoding a SERPINB9 protein and a nucleotide sequence encodinga fusion protein of interleukin 15 (IL15) and interleukin 15 receptorsubunit alpha (IL15Rα); (ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequencehomology with a genomic region located left of the target site in theB2M gene locus; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homologywith a genomic region located right of the target site in the B2M genelocus, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii); wherein the B2M genelocus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequence encodingthe SERPINB9 protein and the nucleotide sequence encoding the fusionprotein of IL15 and IL15Rα are inserted into the B2M gene locus, therebydisrupting the B2M gene.
 2. The in vitro method of claim 1, wherein thefirst CRISPR associated RNA-guided endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease andthe first gRNA comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a targetsequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 78, or SEQ ID NO: 79.3. The in vitro method of claim 1, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of B2M.
 4. The in vitro method of claim1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of (b)(i) comprises aSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct in which the nucleotide sequenceencoding the SERPINB9 protein is linked to the nucleotide sequenceencoding the fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rα by a P2A peptidesequence.
 5. The in vitro method of claim 4, wherein theSERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct comprises a nucleotide sequenceconsisting essentially of SEQ ID NO:
 137. 6. The in vitro method ofclaim 4, wherein the SERPINB9-P2A-IL15/IL15Rα construct is operablylinked to an exogenous promoter chosen from a CAG, a CMV, an EF1α, aPGK, or a UBC promoter.
 7. The in vitro method of claim 1, wherein thenucleotide sequence of (b)(ii) consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 36,and the nucleotide sequence of (b)(iii) consists essentially of SEQ IDNO:
 54. 8. The in vitro method of claim 1, wherein the first vectorcomprises a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO:148.
 9. The in vitro method of claim 1, further comprising delivering tothe cell: (c) a second CRISPR associated RNA-guided endonuclease and asecond gRNA targeting a target site in a Class II majorhistocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) gene locus; (d) asecond vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising:(i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) anda nucleotide sequence encoding a human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E)trimer; (ii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with agenomic region located left of the target site in the CIITA gene locus;and (iii) a nucleotide sequence having sequence homology with a genomicregion located right of the target site in the CIITA gene locus, wherein(i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii); and wherein the CIITA gene locus iscleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequence encoding the CARand the nucleotide sequence encoding the HLA-E trimer are inserted intothe CITTA gene locus, thereby disrupting the CIITA gene.
 10. The invitro method of claim 9, wherein the second CRISPR associated RNA-guidedendonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease and the second gRNA comprises a spacersequence corresponding to a target sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13,SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO:
 17. 11. Thein vitro method of claim 9, wherein the engineered cell has reduced oreliminated expression of CIITA.
 12. The in vitro method of claim 9,wherein the CAR is an anti-CD30 CAR.
 13. The in vitro method of claim 9,wherein the polynucleotide encoding the CAR comprises a polynucleotidesequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 112, orSEQ ID NO:
 116. 14. The in vitro method of claim 9, wherein the HLA-Etrimer comprises a B2M signal peptide fused to an HLA-G presentationpeptide fused to the B2M membrane protein fused to the HLA-E proteinwithout a signal peptide.
 15. The in vitro method of claim 9, whereinthe nucleotide sequence of (d)(i) comprises a CAR-P2A-HLA-E construct inwhich the nucleotide sequence encoding the CAR is linked to thenucleotide sequence encoding the HLA-E trimer by a P2A peptide sequence.16. The in vitro method of claim 15, wherein the CAR-P2A-HLA-E constructhas a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQID NO: 120, or SEQ ID NO:
 121. 17. The in vitro method of claim 9,wherein the nucleotide sequence of (d)(ii) consists essentially of SEQID NO: 22, and the nucleotide sequence of (d)(iii) consists essentiallyof SEQ ID NO:
 32. 18. The in vitro method of claim 9, wherein the secondvector comprises a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ IDNO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 114, or SEQ ID NO:
 118. 19. The in vitro method ofclaim 1, further comprising delivering to the cell a third CRISPRassociated RNA-guided endonuclease and a third gRNA targeting a targetsite in a cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) gene locus;wherein the CISH gene locus is cleaved at the target site and at leastone insertion-deletion mutation is introduced into the CISH gene,thereby disrupting the CISH gene.
 20. The in vitro method of claim 19,wherein the third CRISPR associated RNA-guided endonuclease is a Cas9nuclease and the third gRNA comprises a spacer sequence corresponding toa target sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 81, SEQ ID NO: 82, SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85, SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 87, SEQ IDNO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 91, or SEQ ID NO: 92.21. The in vitro method of claim 19, wherein the engineered cell hasreduced or eliminated expression of CISH.
 22. The in vitro method ofclaim 1, further comprising delivering to the cell a fourth CRISPRassociated RNA-guided endonuclease and a fourth gRNA targeting a targetsite in a Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) gene locus, wherein theFAS gene locus is cleaved at the target site and at least oneinsertion-deletion mutation is introduced into the FAS gene, therebydisrupting the FAS gene.
 23. The in vitro method of claim 22, whereinthe fourth CRISPR associated RNA-guided endonuclease is a Cas9 nucleaseand the fourth gRNA comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to atarget sequence consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO;38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55, or SEQ ID NO:
 80. 24.The in vitro method of claim 22, wherein the engineered cell has reducedor eliminated expression of FAS.
 25. The in vitro method of claim 1,wherein the engineered cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC),a hematopoietic stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, or an adult stemcell.
 26. The in vitro method of claim 1, wherein the engineered cell iscapable of being differentiated into lineage-restricted progenitor cellsor fully differentiated somatic cells.
 27. The in vitro method of claim1, wherein the engineered cell is a natural killer (NK) cell.